Neoplasia - the new and abnormal growth of cells, may be benign or malignant
benign: does not metastasize, not cancer
malignant: can spread to other
... [Show More] tissues and through body; cancerous
Benign vs. Malignant - non cancerous vs cancerous
initiation, promotion, progression - 3 stages of carcinogenesis
what are the important aspects of inflammation - its a innate response to injury
-neutrophils are the first to respond
-Systemic inflammation: entire body is affected, sepsis, shock(bp drop), fever
vascular stage of acute inflammation - brief vasoconstriction
then vasodilation: redness and warmth
then increased capillary permeability: swelling, pain, loss of function
Cellular stage of inflammation - chemotaxis tells WBC where to go
-margination, adhesion, and transmigrationLeukocyte activation and opsonization - flag cells for easier killing
Humoral - B lymphocytes
cell mediated - T lymphocytes
Adaptive immunity - the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and
mount an attack on them
-both humoral and cell mediated are adaptive immunity
Active immunity - A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its
own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
passive immunity - the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of
antibodies from another person or animal.
IgG - cross placenta
75%
IgA - Secretions
10-15%
IgM - first produced with primary immune response
5-10%IgE - hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity types - Type 1:
IgE mediated
allergen exposure= immediate and confined (asthma, food allergies, rhinitis)
Type 2:
Cytotoxic
Complement forms membrane attack system
Blood transfusion rxns, hemolytic disease of newborn, myasthenia gravis
Type 3
immune complex allergic disorders
antigen and antibody come together to form complex
Lupus, serum sickness, arthus reaction
Type 4
cell-mediated hypersensitivity (T cells)
DELAYED!
Dermatitis, poison ivy, multiple sclerosis
HIV/AIDS - Virus attacks CD4 (helper T) cells
-this compromises immunity
-sexual, blood, and mother-baby transmissionsAcute HIV - flu-like symptoms that occur days to weeks after contracting HIV
Chronic HIV - aka latent or asymptomatic stage; can last for several years
AIDS - when CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3
makes a person vulnerable to opportunistic infections and IADS-defining
conditions
clotting - Vasoconstrictive/vessel spasm: stops bleeding
Platelet plug: platelets come and bind to plug vessel hole
coagulation/fibrin clot: clotting factors hold platelets in place to form clot (vit K
and liver proteins)
clot retraction: squeeze out serum to pull edges together; needs platelets
clot dissolution: plasminogen turns into plasmin which breaks down clot
Hypercoagulation - atherosclerosis
pregnancy
birth control pill
smoking [Show Less]