Patho Exam 1
Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen
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Pathophysiology Exam Review Modules 1-3 Module 1: Cells & Homeostasis
What are the General Adaptation Syndrome Stages?
-Stage 1: Alarm/Fight or Flight
-Stage 2: Resistance
-Stage 3: Exhaustion
What happens to our body during the fight or flight stage?
The stressor upsets homeostasis
What is being released from our body during the alarm stage (fight or flight)?
Catecholamines and cortisol
What is the function of a ribosome?
Aid in protein production and form clusters that are held together by DNA
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic information and controls the production of proteins
What is the function of the mitochondria?
It is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production – carries DNA
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism
What is diffusion?
Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across the cell membrane
– think H2O for water –
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a membrane where assistance is needed
What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules without needing energy (ATP) to pass through
What substances have free movement?
Enzymes, Glucose, Electrolytes
What is meiosis?
Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
What is mitosis?
Cells divide into two identically daughter cells
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
What is exocytosis?
Exiting or expelling a protein out of a cell
What is carcinogenesis?
The development of cancer
What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?
-Initiation: Introduction of the agent
-Promotion: Initiation of uncontrolled growth
-Progression: Permanent malignant changes
What is cachexia?
A symptom of cancer – sunken eyes, weight loss, muscle loss, and no appetite
What is atrophy?
Decreases organelle size and lowers energy usage
What is hypertrophy?
Increases organelle size
Module 1: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance/ABGs
Electrolyte Normal Values:
Sodium: 135 - 145
Chloride: 98 - 108
Magnesium: 1.8 - 2.4
Calcium: 8.6 - 10.2
Potassium: 3.5 - 5
Phosphorous: 2.5 - 4.5
What is sodium controlled by?
Aldosterone
What is an antidiuretic hormone?
Reabsorption of water in the kidneys
What is aldosterone?
Increases absorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
What is ICF rich in?
Potassium
–MPPP –
What is ECF rich in?
Sodium and chloride
–SBC –
What is renin secreted by?
Kidneys
What causes edema?
Excess fluid in the interstitial space
What is hypervolemia?
Excess fluid in the intravascular space
–renal failure and CHF can lead to hypervolemia –
What causes third spacing?
When too much fluid moves from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the interstitial or “third” space
What causes fluid excess?
Excessive sodium or water intake/elimination
What are the manifestations of fluid excess?
-Peripheral edema
-Dyspnea
-Bounding pulse
-Tachycardia
-Jugular vein distension
-Hypertension
-Bulging fontanelles
What causes fluid deficit?
Inadequate fluid intake, fluid losses, diabetes, burns, open wounds, ascites
What will you see in a patient with hypocalcemia?
-Trousseau’s sign (arm jerk with bp cuff)
-Chvostek’s sign (cheek smile when touched)
-Diarrhea
-Circumoral tingling
-Weak bones
What will you see in a patient with hypercalcemia?
-Constipation
-Bone pain
-Stones
-Deep tendon reflexes
What are the normal ranges of ABGs?
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- PaCO2: 45-35
- HCO3: 22-26 [Show Less]