• Question 1
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Which vessel normally demonstrates the most rapid blood flow? Selected Answer: c. The vena cava
Correct
... [Show More] Answer: c. The vena cava
Response Feedback:
The vena cava has the most rapid rate of flow. Arterioles don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. Capillaries are composed of a single thickness of endothelial cells attached to a protein network called the basement membrane and don’t offer the most rapid blood flow. A venule begins where the arteriole ends and doesn’t offer the most rapid blood flow.
• Question 2
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of Selected Answer: b. intrinsic factor. Correct Answer: b. intrinsic factor.
Response Feedback:
The fundamental defect causing pernicious anemia is the lack of intrinsic factor. Without it, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Iron deficiency does not lead to pernicious anemia. Rather, it is the most common cause of anemia and is the result of unavailability of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Pernicious anemia and folate deficiency are similar in etiology. Both are caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of blast cells in bone marrow. Erythropoietin is necessary for the production of red cells.
• Question 3
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord.
Selected Answer: a. True Correct Answer: a. True
Response Feedback:
Compression of the spinal cord is one of the two most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Question 4
0 out of 0.125 points
The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is Selected Answer: d. Bruton agammaglobulinemia.
Correct Answer: c. selective IgA.
Response Feedback:
The most common B-cell primary immunodeficiency disorder is selective IgA deficiency. This disorder affects 1:2000 persons.
DiGeorge is a T-cell primary immune deficiency. Bruton agammaglobulinemia is not the most common primary immune deficiency affecting B cells; frequency of disease is 1:250,000 males. Females are carriers. Wiskott–Aldrich affects both T cells and B cells.
• Question 5
0.125 out of 0.125 points
The effects of histamine release include
Selected Answer: c. increased vascular permeability. Correct Answer: c. increased vascular permeability.
Response Feedback:
Histamine release leads to increased vascular permeability, which fosters fluid movement out of capillaries and into tissues leading to the edema common in type I hypersensitivity. Histamine leads to bronchoconstriction, increased gut permeability, and vasodilation (not vasoconstriction).
• Question 6
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include Selected Answer: d. hyperlipidemia. Correct Answer: d. hyperlipidemia.
Response Feedback:
Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor associated with atherosclerosis. Men have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis earlier in life than women. A high-protein diet is not associated with atherosclerosis. Dietary fats do play a role as a modifiable risk factor. A low-fiber diet is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
• Question 7
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they Selected Answer: c. develop recurrent infections.
Correct Answer: c. develop recurrent infections.
Response Feedback:
The first clinical indicators of immunodeficiency disorders are the signs and symptoms of infection, and the disorders are often first suspected when an individual has severe recurrent, unusual, or unmanageable infections. High fevers can occur in patients who have an intact immune system. Because of the immune deficiency, patients with immunodeficiency disorders may not demonstrate expected WBC counts with infection. Infections in patients with immunodeficiency disorders can occur anywhere in the body.
• Question 8
0.125 out of 0.125 points
The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in Selected Answer: c. fibrinolysis.
Correct Answer: c. fibrinolysis.
Response Feedback:
Fibrinolysis is the process of clot dissolution and occurs when plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen to plasmin. Clot retraction occurs when the components of the fibrin clot are compressed or contracted to form a clot. Factors released from
platelets contribute to hemostasis by enhancing vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and vessel repair. Platelet aggregation is not the result of plasmin conversion. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot.
• Question 9
0 out of 0.125 points
Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by Selected Answer: a. platelet factors.
Correct Answer: b. tissue thromboplastin.
Response Feedback:
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation begins when the vascular wall is traumatized. Tissue factor from injured tissue activates factors which in turn activate and convert into thrombin for clotting.
Platelets play a major role in primary hemostasis as well as secondary hemostasis and clot retraction. Platelets accelerate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Platelets adhere to collagen exposed by trauma and initiate degranulation. Factor VII is involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation when it is activated by tissue factor following a traumatic injury.
• Question 10
0.125 out of 0.125 points
A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is Selected Answer: c. aspirin.
Correct Answer: c. aspirin.
Response Feedback:
Many drugs are associated with prolonged bleeding times. Aspirin is known to alter normal platelet function. Acetaminophen is not associated with prolongation of bleeding time. Tobacco does not interfere with bleeding times. Caffeine does not interfere with bleeding times.
• Question 11
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as Selected Answer: c. bicarbonate ion.
Correct Answer: c. bicarbonate ion.
Response Feedback:
Approximately 90% of the CO2 in the arterial blood and 60% of the CO2 in the venous blood are transported as bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide is not transported as carboxyhemoglobin. Some of the remaining carbon dioxide binds with protein to form carbaminohemoglobin for CO2 transport, but dissolved carbon dioxide is not the primary means of bloodstream transportation.
Carbonic acid is disassociated into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions for elimination by the lungs and kidneys.
• Question 12
0.125 out of 0.125 points
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the Selected Answer: d. oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
Correct Answer: d. oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
Response Feedback:
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is called the oxygen-hemoglobin affinity. Hemoglobin saturation is higher when oxygen infinity is increased, and saturation is lower when affinity is decreased. The Bohr effect occurs when the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve experiences a shift resulting from changes in PCO2 and H+ concentration. The dissociation curve describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation. Hemoglobin synthesis occurs in the immature red cell.
• Question 13
0.125 out of 0.125 points
Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum Selected Answer: d. bilirubin.
Correct Answer: d. bilirubin. [Show Less]