PATHO 370 Midterm Review Study Guide 2020/21-Homeostasis- state of equilibrium
Allostasis- Ability to successfully adapt to changes
Stress: a state
... [Show More] manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense demand on it. Influenced by genetics, socioeconomic status, prior susceptibilities, pre-existing health status, allostatic state and ability to manage stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):
Involves 3 STAGES:
• Alarm stage: stimulation of the SNS, resulting in release of catecholamines & cortisol
• Resistance stage: body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense;
cortisol levels present in first stage drop b/c they are no longer needed
• Exhaustion stage: resources are depleted & signs of “wear & tear” or systemic damage appear
Acute versus Chronic Stress:
• Acute stress: associated with the ANS, the fight or flight response; persons with preexisting heart disease can have complications with acute stress response that can lead to arrhythmias; in healthy individuals acute stress response can redirect attention from behaviors that promote health and interrupt compliance with medication regiments & exercise programs
• Chronic stress: it has been linked to health disorders including diseases of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, & neurological systems; sympathetic activity & cortisol are elevated
Physiological stress & psychosocial stress:
• Physiological stress: stress-induced changes in body functions; detected by body’s normal regulatory sensors; the body alters function to restore normal balance; when normal balance is restored, negative feedback stops the reaction
• Psychosocial stress: Directly affects central nervous system; turns on the stress responses, even when the body’s internal sensors have not detected an imbalance
Adaptation & Coping Mechanisms:
Adaptation: the ability to respond to challenges of physical or psychological homeostasis & to return to a balanced state.
• Influenced by previous learning, physiologic reserve, time, genetic endowment, age, health status & nutrition, sleep-wake cycles, & psychosocial factors.
Coping Mechanisms:
• Guided Imagery: scene visualization
• Music therapy: listening to music to ease anxiety or stress
• Massage therapy: manipulation of soft tissues to promote relaxation & relief of muscle
tension
• Biofeedback: technique in which individual leans to control physiologic functioning
Catecholamines
Epinephrine: Released from the adrenal medulla.
• Increases heart rate, BP and cardiac output bronchodilation.
• Increases glycogenolysis and elevates blood glucose levels
• Supplementation and prolongation of fight or flight response, pupil dilation, dry mouth, increased blood coagulability.
Norepinephrine: Released from postganglionic fibers.
• Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.
• Reduces gastric secretions.
• Increases night and far vision
Adrenal Cortical hormones
Cortisol: Primary glucocorticoid, found in adrenal cortex
• Alteration in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism;
• Suppression of inflammatory & immune responses
Aldosterone: Primary mineralocorticoid
• reabsorption of sodium and water
• Increases blood pressure [Show Less]