3 major phases of cell division:
Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
3 steps of interphase:
First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S
... [Show More] phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
4 phases of mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Innate immunity:
Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
Adaptive immunity:
Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity, including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses)
Define mutations
Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
3 main goals of treatment:
Cure
Control
Palliation
Define neoadjuvant therapy
Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
Define adjuvant therapy
Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
Define conditioning/preparative therapy
Treatments used to prepare a patient for stem cell transplantation
2 types of conditioning therapies:
Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
Define dose density
Drug dose per unit of time
Define dose intensity
Amount of drug delivered over time
How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated?
By comparing the dose that the patient ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
How do alkylating agents work?
By causing a break in the DNA helix strand, interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death
3 subcategories of alkylating agents:
1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
Most common subcategory of alkylating agents:
Nitrogen mustards
Common alkylating agents:
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
Common platinum-based agents:
Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
What is unique about nitrosoureas agents?
Able to cross the blood-brain barrier; can be effective in treating some brain tumors
Common nitrosoureas agents:
Carmustine (BiCNU)
Lomustine (CeeNu)
Streptozocin (Zanosar)
Hypersensitivity can occur with late doses of:
Carboplatin
These agents are typically categorized as highly emetogenic:
1. Alkylating agents
2. Nitrosoureas
Pre-administration labs for alkylating agents and nitrosoureas:
BUN
Creatinine
CBC w/ diff
What is the medication Mesna used for?
Bladder protectant with administration of cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide
Instruct pts receiving ________ to avoid exposure to cold air and consuming cold fluids for 3-4 days following treatment
Oxaliplatin
How do antimetabolites function?
By blocking DNA and RNA growth by interfering with enzymes needed for normal cell metabolism
Antimetabolites work in the ___ phase.
S
What types of cells are best affected by antimetabolites?
Cells with high division rates
Common side effects of antimetabolites:
Myelosuppression
GI toxicities
Photosensitivity
Hand-foot syndrome [Show Less]