Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Group of conditions affects functionality (autism, Rett Syndrome,
childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's
... [Show More] disorder, other...)
(diverse amount of medical conditions affecting mental or behavioral
status...)
PDD often used...describe disorders have no biological status of
significant effect on social and educational levels of clients.
Multiply Handicapped
An individual with more than one diagnosed impairment; a physical or sensory handicap accompanied by another handicap which inhibits normal development or adjustment.
Rhett Syndrome
a rare disorder found virtually exclusively in girls, is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the child usually develops normally unitl about 6 to 18 months of age at which characteristics of the syndrome emerge; characteristics include: hypotonia (loss of muscle tone), reduced eye contact, decelerated head growth, and disinterest in play activities
Williams Syndrome
Neurobehavioral congenital disorder evidenced by
delayed motor development,
notable difficulty in visual and spatial functioning, visuospatial
mild to moderate intellectual disability.
...able to demonstrate hyperacusis, social and verbal fluency, and a
marked responsiveness to music**
Developmental Disability
Originates prior to 18 years of age and is an indefinitely continuing handicap
Anecdotal Record
Narrative account of behaviors and events which is recorded while observing
Ambulation
Walk/move from place to place
Paralysis
Is the loss of muscle function in part of your body. It happens when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. Paralysis can be complete or partial.
Manual Dexterity
Is the ability to use your hands in a skillful, coordinated way to grasp and manipulate objects and demonstrate small, precise movements.
ISO Principle
developed by Altshuler. Matching a clients mood/intensity then gradually bring it back down
Incontinence
Lack of self-restraint or lack of voluntary control of urination/defecation
Apoplexy
Unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage or stroke.
Perceptual Motor
Pertaining to the organization and interpretation of a stimulus and its motor response
Renal Failure
A condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and balance fluids.
Evidence Based Practice
The AMTA adopted the following definition of evidence-based music therapy practice in 2010: "Evidence-based music therapy practice integrates the best available research, the music therapists' expertise, and the needs, values, and preferences of the individual served."
Reliability
Consistency - Test can be taken multiple times and the same answer is always gained
Validity
Measures what it is suppose to measure
Baseline-Treatment Design
A design which compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind
Case Studies
Examinations of clients undergoing treatment, generally reporting the progress of a single case or group over time
Experimental Group Design
Any number of designs which employ the scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a highly structured manner
Matched Pair Design/Correlated Equivalent Groups
Experimental design which first equates two groups of subjects on the basis of some relevant criteria, assigns one to a treatment condition and one to a condition without treatment; then compares the performance of the two groups
Random Group Design
An experimental group design which randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares performances of groups undergoing treatment vs. without treatment
Repeated Measure Design
An experimental group design in which repeated observations of subjects under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls
Multiple Baseline Design
A single subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subjects, behaviors, setting or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant.
Pretest-Posttest Design:
Reversal Design (ABAB design):
A single subject, applied behavior analysis design which generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, a return to baseline, then treatment is reapplied
Single Subject, Applied behavior analysis design:
A research design, which assesses the effect of treatment.
Task Analysis
A detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a particular skill or task, listed in the order of occurrence.
FAPE
Free & Appropriate Public Education (current FAPE law is IDEA)
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
LRE
Least Restrictive Environment
PLOP
Present Level of Performance
Labile
Quickly altering emotional state
Enmeshment
is description of a relationship between two or more people in which personal boundaries are permeable and unclear. This often happens on an emotional level in which two people "feel" each other's emotions or when one person becomes emotionally escalated and the other family member(s) do as well.
Discriminative Stimulus
A cue that results in a response only after the stimulus
Psychiatric Musicology
A music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships
Aphasia
Disorder of language due to a brain damage. Language is disproportionally worse when compared to other cognitive functions/impairments. Specific to brain areas responsible for language
Apraxia
Inability to execute or carry out purposeful movements effects expressive speech
Ataxia
Lack of coordination of muscle movements
Dysarthria
Problems with muscles that make it difficult to pronounce words
Dysnomia
Learning disability associated with difficulty retrieving correct words/names/etc. from memroy
Dysphagia
Language disorder associated with swallowing issues
Dysphoric
Feelings of dejection, underestimation of self
Schedule of Reinforcement
behavioral requirements for reinforcing stimulus to be delivered
Fixed-ratio schedule
trick or treating getting one piece of candy per house
Fixed- interval schedule:
Working - getting paid $6.50 an hour
Variable-ratio schedule:
Slot machine - pays off on average 1 every 50 pulls
Variable-interval schedule
Fishing - the fish bit on average 1 every 20 mins
Selective attention
the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously.
Focused attention
is the brain's ability to concentrate its attention on a target stimulus for any period of time.
Shifting attention
moving the focus of attention from one thing to another
Sustained attention
- the ability to focus on a particular activity or stimulus for a long period of time
Divided Attention
Occurs when mental focus is on multiple tasks or ideas at once. Also known as multitasking: singing along to a song while driving, having a conversation while walking.
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
Child Onset Fluency Disorder
Trouble with flow of speech
Autonomy
self-directing freedom and especially moral independence.
Executive functions
decision making, problem solving
Assessment Domains:
Pyschosocial
quantity and quality of a persons interpersonal interaction
Emotional
Appropriateness of affect and emotional responses to various situations
Communicative
expressive & receptive language skills
Sensorimotor
Sensorimotor: responses to various stimuli
Types of therapy/practice that relate to music therapy
Behavioral therapy
This approach focuses on learning's role in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors. Classic conditioning: Pavlov's dog: associated sound with food. Desensitizing: client with phobia - repeated exposure.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
focuses on both thoughts and behaviors
Cognitive therapy
Focuses on what people think rather than what they do. Believes that it's dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions/behaviors
Holistic therapy
refers to a school of thought in therapy that attempts to address an individual as a whole person rather than as someone who is sick, just has psychological issues, or as being separated into different components. Holistic therapy attempts to address the individual in terms of their mind, spirit, and body.
Humanistic therapy
Humanistic approach emphasizes people's capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Concern and respect for others are also important themes.
Existential therapy
focuses on free will, self-determination and the search for meaning of life. Taking control of your life
Neuroscience:
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Psychodynamic
This approach focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations.
Rational Emotive Therapy
Attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems
Person Centered therapy
identifies that each person has the capacity and desire for personal growth and change. The therapist offers support, guidance, and structure so that the client can discover personalized solutions within themselves.
Gestalt Therapy
Therapists use creative and experiential techniques to enhance awareness, freedom and self-direction. People are intricately linked to and influenced by their environments and that all people strive toward growth and balance. Work toward become more self-aware.
Reality therapy
Focuses on improving current behaviors, relationships and circumstances while avoiding discussion of past events
Insight Music Therapy
An approach to psychotherapy whose objective is awareness of causes or motivation for behavior which then leads to control over the behavior and improvement of one's condition
Reconstructive therapy
One type of insight therapy which examines unconscious and deep-set emotions in order restructure the personality
Reeducative therapy
One type of insight oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change
Metaphor
An experience or setting within which behavior is representative or indicative of other life experiences or environments
Fibromyalgia
A nonarticular rheumatic disorder, also known as myofasical pain syndrome; characterized by pain, stiffness and extreme tenderness in muscles
Transactional Analysis
System of psychotherapy proposed by Eric Berne which examines interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behaviors
Music Therapy Clinical Standards for
(Reread the Clinical Standards on AMTA)
Addictive Disorders
Use of music to restore, maintain and improve mental, physical and physiological needs.
Include family member participation in the treatment plan when appropriate
At the time of termination of services, evaluate client's functioning levels in
physiological, affective, sensory, communicative, social-emotional, and cognitive functioning
Consultant:
May provide services to other professionals in the MT and related disciplines and others directly involved with the client
Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities
Significant delay in intellectual development and adaptive behavior, formerly known as mental retardation.
Educational Settings
Use of music as a medium for assisting the students in meeting defined educational goals & objectives. MT works closely with team
Evaluation of goals & objectives must be made according to the ESP
Older Adults:
Use of music with emphasis on the development, restoration or maintenance of each individual at the highest possible level of functioning
Medical Setting
Use of music (not limited to) designated as medical-surgical, pediatric, palliative care, obstetrics, rehabilitation and wellness care. Include family member in participation in the treatment plan when appropriate.
Mental Health
Use of music to restore, maintain, and improve the following areas: cognitive, psychological, social/emotional, affective, communicative, and physiological functioning
Physical Disabilities
Use of music to help attain and maintain maximum levels of functioning in the areas of physical, cognitive, communicative and social/emotional health
Private Practice:
Wellness
Use of music to enhance quality of life, maximize well being and potential and increase self-awareness in individuals seeking MT services
5 Domains of human functioning
Emotional: refers to appropriateness of affect and emotional responses to various situations, cogitive, musical, physical, spiritual
Fragile X Syndrome
a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Speech, language impairment. May have anxiety and hyperactive behavior (fidgeting or impulsive actions).
Huntington's Disease
Inherited disorder that affects the central nervous system and causes involuntary movement and contortions
Williams Syndrome
A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation and notable impairment in visual and spatial function. Children display hyperacusis, responsiveness to music, and social and verbal fluency [Show Less]