Hydranencephaly
Ischemic infarction of both cerebral hemispheres. Early compromise of both carotid arteries with preservation of posterior circulation.
... [Show More] Mimics severe hydrocephalus (thin rind of cortical gray matter). Complete infarction of supratentorial cerebral tissues with preservation of thalami and cerebellum.
Typically no identifiable cerebral cortex. Falx cerebri may be partially or completely absent, while brainstem and basal ganglia are maintained and surrounded by CSF.
Hydrocephaly
abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Women who are undergoing ovarian induction are at increased risk for this. Ovaries can enlarge often measuring 5-12cm. The ovary will also contain multiple large theca lutein cysts. In severe cases patients will have nausea, vomiting, an abdominal distension, ovarian enlargement, an electrolyte imbalance, and oliguria, with sonographic signs of ascites and pleural effusions.
Clomid
a fertility drug that is used to stimulate ovulation and that has been associated with multiple births
theca lutein cyst
Often bilateral/multiple. Due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles.
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the chorion
chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
Holoprosencephaly
a group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles(monoventricle), absence of the midline structures, associated facial anomalies, fused thalami. Most often associated with hypotelorism, cebocephaly, ethmocephaly, cyclopia, and cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
Hypotelorism
condition in which the orbits are close together
Hypertelorism
Orbits spaced widely apart
Cebocephaly
Congenital anomalies of the head due to teratogens or development disruptions of the nervous system. It's a form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle(monoventricle), hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril.
Ethmocephaly
a condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits; associated with holoprosencephaly
Cyclopia
congenital anomaly characterized by a single orbit
Sirenomelia
Fusion of legs; bilateral renal agenesis is associated with this.
Bladder Flap Hematoma
Collection of blood between the bladder and lower-uterine segment, resulting from a lower-uterine transverse cesarean section and bleeding from the uterine vessels.
Cystic teratoma
MC benign germ cell tumor (<1% malignant); hair/teeth; calcifications; has tip of iceberg sign: only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing.
dermoid cyst
congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair); typically found in an ovary and usually benign; only the anterior element of the mass is seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing.
Dermoid mesh sign
appearance on ultrasound is of multiple small hyperechoic lines and dots within the cyst forming a "mesh‐like" picture.
Meigs syndrome
benign tumor of the ovary associated with ascites and pleural effusion; associated with a fibroma.
gestational trophoblastic disease
Swollen, fluid-filled grape like clusters in the placenta. Associated with choriocarcinoma which is a rapidly metastasizing malignancy.
RVOT
right ventricular outflow tract leads to pulmonary arteries
LVOT
left ventricular outflow tract leads to the aorta
Rhizomelia
shortening of the proximal segment of a limb
Mesomelia
Abnormal shortening of the middle portion of a limb
Micromelia
Shortening of the entire limb
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
aka polycystic ovary syndrome, young women, amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism p295
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
an inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts; also referred to as infantile polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
most common hereditary cause of renail failure in adults. A positive family history and numerous kidney and liver cysts (oftne seen by 3rd to 4th decade of life) help makes the diagnosis.
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
- unilateral
- non-functioning kidney has non-communication cysts w/ absence of renal parenchyma
- assoc w/ contralateral UPJ obstruction, agenesis, or hypoplasia, horseshoe kidney
the first structure that can be identified in the embryo
heart
Ovarian serous cystadenoma
Most common malignancy of the ovary. Patients with ovarian malignancies often complain of weight loss, pelvic pressure and swelling, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and gastrointestinal problems. Though not always specific, pt may have elevated CA-125.
Brenner tumor
Less common subtype of surface epithelial tumor of the ovary that is composed of bladder-like epithelium. Usually benign.
endometriosis
a condition in which patches of functional endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
Estrogen
Female sex hormone produced by ovary encourages induction of salt and water retention, and it also stimulates contractile motions to occur within the myometrium and fallopian tubes.
Tetrology of Fallot
DROP (Defect, septal, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aortas, Pulmonary stenosis)
Fallopian tube order (ovary)distal to (uterus)proximal
Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus, interstitial segment (AKA uterine part). The interstitial segment contains uterine ostium.
uterine ostium
Termination of uterine tube at uterine horn
three parts of placenta
basal layer: maternal surface of placenta
placental substance: functional part of placenta
chorionic plate: element of placenta closest to fetus
chorionic villi
-microscopic fingerlike extension of trophoblastic tissue that invades the decidualized endometrium.
-develop into the placenta & support maternal-fetal gas exchange
Asherman syndrome
rare condition. In most cases, it occurs in women who have had several dilatation and curettage (D&C) procedures. A severe pelvic infection unrelated to surgery may also lead to Asherman syndrome. Adhesions in the uterine cavity can also form after infection with tuberculosis or schistosomiasis.
clitoromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the clitoris; most common fetal female genital abnormality
Graffian follicle
Contains maturing ovum and ruptures during ovulation; secondary follicle!
Caudal Regression Syndrome
lack of development of the caudal spine and cord that may occur in the fetus of a diabetic mother
Thecoma
Benign ovarian sex-cord stromal tumor that produces estrogen in older women and can cause vaginal bleeding
when should the chorion and amnion be fused?
starts at 12 weeks and should be complete by 14-16 weeks
Cryptomenorrhea
also known as hematocolpos, is a condition where menstruation occurs but is not visible due to an obstruction of the outflow tract
Endometrial hyperplasia
benign condition that results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without the influence of progestin; frequent cause of bleeding; tamofixen can cause this
ductus arteriosus
a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta
omphalocele
herniation at the umbilicus; have more significant risk for heart defects and chromosomal abnormalities compared to gastroschisis. Trisomy 18 and 13, turners syndrome, and beckwith-weidemann syndrome are all linked to this. Associated with poly
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
a genetic disorder caused by a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18, includes micrognathia, bilateral choroid plexus cysts, and a strawberry-shaped skull.
Rocker bottom feet
Prominent occiput
Clenched fists w/overlapping fingers
Congenital heart disease
Horseshoe kidneys
IUGR/FTT
90% die by age 1
all labs are decreased
Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)
severe cleft lip and/or palate, microphthlamia, severe mental retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, NTDs, polydactyly, rocker-bottom feet,
turners syndrome
Born with a single X chromosome. (short, webbed neck, different physical sexual development.) A cystic hygroma is a common sonographic feature of this syndrome.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver
Non-immune hydrops
Fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies & infections
Immune Hydrops
Maternal antibodies recognize Rh antigens on fetus's RBC's as foreign & attack and destroy them.
Asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction
most common type of growth abnormality demonstrating normal cranial growth and a decrease in abdominal growth; possible causes are nutritional or oxygen deficiencies
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium; causes ring-down artifact posterior to the endometrium.
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
procedure in which the sperm and ovum are placed directly in a fallopian tube
placenta percreta
growth of the chorionic villi through the myometrium to the uterine serosa; would cause immediate postpartum bleeding
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
considered the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction [Show Less]