Nutrition Practice Questions
nutrition practice Questions
a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual,
... [Show More] social,
developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. answer:illness
activities that prevent or decrease the probability of occurrence of an injury, physical or
mental illness.; health promotion, protection against specific health problems
answer:primary prevention
an alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or
a shortening of the normal life span. answer:disease
avoiding the development of disease in the future answer:illness prevention
behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early or maintain
functioning within the constraints of illness answer:health protection
benefits for ppl with disabilities answer:SSI
can be used to measure a person’s
perceived level of wellness. Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite
ends of a
health continuum. answer:helth illness continuum
dimension of wellness that includes the ability to interact successfully with people
answer:social dimension
dimension of wellness that includes the ability to learn and use info effectively
answer:intellectual dimension
dimension of wellness that is the ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure
time answer:occupational dimension
dimension of wellness that is the ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness,maintain
nutrition answer:physical dimension of wellness
dimension of wellness that is the ability to manage stress and express appropriate
emotions answer:emotional dimesnion
dimension of wellness that is the ability to promote health measures that improve
standards of living and quality of life answer:environmental dimension
dimension of wellness that is the belief in some force that serves to untie human beings
and provide meaning and purpose. answer:spiritual dimension
early identification of health problems, prompt intervention to alleviate health problems
answer:secondary prevention
factors the affect health status answer:biologic, psychological, cognitive, physical
environment, standards of living, beliefs, social support networks
financial assistance for those that cant afford health insurance answer:medicaid
for adults over 65 answer:Medicare
health restoration, rehabilitation, palliative care answer:tertiary prevention
Indicators of Healthy People 2010 answer:Physical activity, obesity, tobacco use,
substance abuse, responsible sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence,
environment, immunization, access to health care
insurance coverage for poor and working class children answer:SCHIP
lasts for an extended period answer:chronic illness
limits amount paid to hospitals that are reimbursed by medicare answer:prospective
payment sytem
medicare that pays for hospitalization, home care and hospice answer:part A
medicare that provides prescription answer:part D
medicate that pays for dr visits and outpatient answer:part B
model incorporates a comprehensive view of health. Health is seen as a
condition of actualization or realization of a person’s potential. In this model the highest
aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization.
answer:eudemonistic model
model that provides the narrowest interpretation of health. People are viewed as
physiologic systems with related functions. answer:clinical model
model where health is a creative process. Disease is a failure in adaptation, or
maladaptation. answer:adaptive model
model where health is defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill
societal roles answer:role performance
model, has three dynamic,
interactive elements: agent (any environmental factor or stressor that by its presence or
absence
can lead to illness or disease), host (one or more persons who may or may not be at risk
of
acquiring a disease), and environment (all factors external to the host that may or may not
predispose the person to the development of disease). answer:agent host enviornment
model
motivated by a personal, positive, approach to wellness, and seeks to expand positive
health promotion answer:health promotion
severe symptoms of relatively short duration answer:acute illness
state of well being answer:wellness
the presence or absence of disease answer:health
what are the 3 criteria to determine illness answer:1. the presence of symptoms
2. the perception of how they feel
3. their ability to carry out daily activities
What are the 4 aspects of the sick role? answer:not held responsible for condition,
excused from social obligation, obligated to get better, obligated to get help.
what are the 5 stages of illness answer:1. symptom experience
2. assumption of sick role
3. medical care contact
4. dependent client cre
5. recovery
what are the dimensions of wellness answer:physical, spiritual, occupational,
environmental, emotional, social, intellectual
24-hour recall answer:a data collection tool that assesses everything a person has
consumed over the past 24 hours
absorption answer:the physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the
gastrointestinal tract into the circulation
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) answer:an FDA estimate of the amount of a non-nutritive
sweetener that someone can consume each day over a lifetime without adverse effects
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) answer:the range of
macronutrient intakes that provides adequate levels of essential nutrients and is
associated with a reduced risk for chronic disease
added sugars answer:sugars and syrups that are added to food during processing or
preparation
adequate diet answer:a diet that provides enough of the energy, nutrients, and fiber
needed to maintain a person's health
Adequate Intake (AI) answer:a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on
observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy
people
alcohol answer:chemically, a compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxl
group; in common usage, a beverage made from fermented fruits, vegetables, or grains
and containing ethanol
alcohol abuse answer:the excessive consumption of alcohol, whether chronically or
occasionally
alcohol hangover answer:a consequence of drinking too much alcohol; symptoms include
headache, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and
sound, extreme thirst, and mood disturbances
alcohol poisoning answer:a potentially fatal condition in which an overdose of alcohol
results in cardiac and/or respiratory failure
alcoholic hepatitis answer:inflammation of the liver caused by alcohol; other forms of
hepatitis can be caused by a virus or toxin
alcoholism answer:a disease state characterized by chronic dependence on alcohol
anorexia answer:an absence of appetite
appetite answer:a psychological desire to consume specific foods
balanced diet answer:a diet that contains the combinations of foods that provide the
proper proportions of nutrients
bile answer:fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it emulsifies fats in
the small intestine
binge drinking answer:the consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion
for me, or four or more for women
bolus answer:a mass of food that has been chewed and moistened in the mouth
brush border answer:the microvilli-covered lining cells of the small intestine's villi; these
microvilli tremendously increase the small intestine's absorptive capacity
carbohydrate answer:one of the three macronutrients, a compound made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen that is derived from plants and provides energy
carbohydrates answer:the primary fuel source for our body, particularly for our brain and
for physical exercise
celiac disease answer:an autoimmune disorder characterized by an inability to absorb a
component of gluten called gliadin; this causes an inflammatory immune response that
damages the lining of the small intestine
cell answer:the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the properties of living things, such as
growth, reproduction, and metabolism
cell membrane answer:the boundary of an animal cell that separates its internal cytoplasm
and organelles from the external environment
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) answer:the leading federal agency in
the United States that protects the health and safety of people; its mission is to promote
health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability
cephalic phase answer:the earliest phase of digestion, in which the brain thinks about and
prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food
chronic diseases answer:diseases that come on slowly and can persist for years, often
despite treatment
chyme answer:a semifluid mass consisting of partially digested food, water, and gastric
juices
cirrhosis of the liver answer:endstage liver disease characterized by significant
abnormalities in liver structure and function; may lead to complete liver failure
complex carbohydrate answer:a nutrient compound consisting of long chains of glucose
molecules, such as starch, glycogen, and fiber
constipation answer:a condition characterized by the absence of bowel movements for a
period of time that is significantly longer than normal for the individual; when a bowel
movement does occur, stools are usually small, hard, and difficult to pass
cytoplasm answer:the interior of an animal cell, not including its nucleus
denature answer:the action of the unfolding of proteins in the stomach; proteins must be
denatured before they can be digested
diabetes answer:a chronic disease in which the body can no longer regulate glucose
normally
diarrhea answer:a condition characterized by the frequent passage of loose, watery stools
dietary fiber answer:the non-digestible carbohydrate parts of plants that form the support
structures of leaves, stems, and seeds
Dietary Guidelines for Americans answer:a set of principles developed by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to
assist Americans in designing a healthful diet and lifestyle; these guidelines are updated
every 5 years
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) answer:a set of nutritional reference values for the
United States and Canada that applies to healthy people
digestion answer:the process by which foods are broken down into their component
molecules, either mechanically or chemically
disaccharide answer:a carbohydrate compound consisting of two sugar molecules joined
together
discretionary Calories answer:a term used in the USDA Food Guide that represents the
extra amount of energy you can consume after you have met all of your essential needs
by consuming the most nutrient-dense foods that are low-fat or fat-free and that have no
added sugars
diseases of aging answer:conditions that typically occur later in life as a result of lifelong
accumulated risk, such as exposure to high-fat diets, a lack of physical activity, and
excess sun exposure
drink answer:the amount of an alcoholic beverage that provides approximately 0.5 fluid
oz of pure ethanol
elimination answer:the process by which undigested portions of food and waste products
are removed from the body
enriched foods answer:foods in which nutrients that were lost during processing have
been added back, so that the food meets a specified standard
enteric nervous system answer:the nerves of the GI tract
enzymes answer:small chemicals, usually proteins, that act on other chemicals to speed
up the body processes but are not apparently changed during those processes
esophagus answer:a muscular tube of the GI tract connecting the back of the mouth to the
stomach
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) answer:the average daily nutrient intake level
estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage
or gender group
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) answer:the average dietary energy intake that is
predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult
ethanol answer:a specific alcohol compound (C2H5OH) formed from the fermentation of
dietary carbohydrates and used in a variety of alcoholic beverages
fat-soluble vitamins answer:vitamins that are not soluble in water but are soluble in fat;
these include vitamins A, D, E, and K
fats answer:an important energy source for our body at rest and during low-intensity
exercise
fatty liver answer:an early and reversible stage of liver disease often found in people who
abuse alcohol and characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells;
also called alcoholic steatosis
fermentation answer:a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break
down into simpler substances and results in the production of ATP
food allergy answer:an inflammatory reaction to food caused by an immune system
hypersensitivity
food intolerance answer:gastrointestinal discomfort caused by certain foods that is not a
result of an immune system reaction
fortified foods answer:foods in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in
the food, or which existed in insignificant amounts
fructose answer:the sweetest natural sugar; a monosaccharide that occurs in fruits and
vegetables; also called levulose, or fruit sugar
functional fiber answer:the non-digestible forms of carbohydrates that are extracted from
plants or manufactured in a laboratory and have known health benefits
functional food answer:a food or food component that provides a health benefit beyond
basic nutrition
galactose answer:a monosaccharide that joins with glucose to create lactose, one of the
three most common disaccharides
gallbladder answer:a tissue sac beneath the liver that stores bile and secretes it into the
small intestine
gastric juice answer:acidic liquid secreted within the stomach; it contains hydrochloric
acid, pepsin, and other compounds
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) answer:a more painful type of GER that occurs
more than twice per week
gastrointestinal (GI) tract answer:a long, muscular tube consisting of several organs: the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
glucagon answer:the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to
decreased blood levels of glucose; it causes the breakdown of liver stores of glycogen
into glucose
gluconeogenesis answer:the generation of glucose from the breakdown of proteins into
amino acids
glucose answer:the most abundant sugar molecule, a monosaccharide generally found in
combination with other sugars; it is the preferred source of energy for the brain and an
important source of energy for all cells
glycemic index answer:the system that assigns ratings (or values) for the potential of
foods to raise blood glucose and insulin levels
glycemic load answer:the amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic
index of the carbohydrate
glycogen answer:a polysaccharide; the storage form of glucose in animals
healthful diet answer:a diet that provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients
and is adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied
heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux [GER]) answer:a painful sensation that occurs over
the sternum when hydrochloric acid backs up into the lower esophagus
hormone answer:a chemical messenger secreted into the bloodstream by one of the many
glands of the body, which acts as a regulator of physiologic processes at a site remote
from the gland that secreted it
hunger answer:a physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat
hypoglycemia answer:a condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal
fasting levels
hypothalamus answer:a region of forebrain above the pituitary gland, where visceral
sensations, such as hunger and thirst, are regulated
hypothesis answer:an educated guess as to why a phenomenon occurs
impaired fasting glucose answer:fasting blood glucose levels that are higher than normal
but not high enough to lead to a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; also called pre-diabetes
insoluble fibers answer:fibers that do not dissolve in water
insulin answer:the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to
increased blood levels of glucose; it facilitates the uptake of glucose by body cells
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) answer:a bowel disorder that interferes with normal
functions of the colon
ketoacidosis answer:a condition in which excessive ketones are present in the blood,
causing the blood to become very acidic, which alters basic body functions and damages
tissues; untreated ketoacidosis can be fatal; this is a condition found in individuals with
untreated diabetes mellitus
ketones answer:substances produced during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrate
intake is sufficient to meet energy needs; ketones provide an alternative energy source for
the brain when glucose levels are low
ketosis answer:the process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in
the production of ketones
lactase answer:a digestive enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose
lacteal answer:a small lymph vessel located inside the villi of the small intestine
lactose answer:a disaccharide consisting of one glucose molecule and one galactose
molecule; it is found in milk, including human breast milk; also called milk sugar
lactose intolerance answer:a disorder in which the body does not produce enough lactase
enzyme to break down the sugar lactose, which is found in milk and milk products
large intestine answer:the final organ of the GI tract, consisting of the cecum, colon,
rectum, and anal canal and in which most water is absorbed and feces are formed
liver answer:the largest auxiliary organ of the GI tract and one of the most important
organs of the body; its functions include the production of bile and processing of nutrientrich blood from the small intestine
macronutrients answer:nutrients that our body needs in relativity large amounts to
support normal function and health; carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients
major minerals answer:minerals we need to consume in amounts of at least 100 mg per
day and of which the total amount in our body is at least 5 g
maltase answer:a digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose
maltose answer:a disaccharide consisting of two molecules of glucose; it does not
generally occur independently in foods but results as a by-product of digestion; maltose is
also called malt sugar
metabolism answer:the process by which large molecules, such as carbohydrates, fats,
and proteins, are broken down via chemical reactions into smaller molecules that can be
used as fuel, stored, or assembled into new compounds the body needs
metabolites answer:the form that nutrients take when they have been used by the body;
for example, lactate is a metabolite of carbohydrate that is produced when we use
carbohydrate for energy
micronutrients answer:nutrients needed in relatively small amounts to support normal
health and body functions; vitamins and minerals are micronutrients
minerals answer:inorganic substances that are not broken down during digestion and
absorption and are not destroyed by heat or light; minerals assist in the regulation of
many body processes and are classified as major minerals or trace minerals
moderation answer:eating any foods in moderate amounts - not too much and not too
little
monosaccharide answer:the simplest of carbohydrates, consisting of one sugar molecule,
the most common form of which is glucose
MyPyramid answer:the graphic representation of the USDA Food Guide
National Institutes of Health (NIH) answer:the world's leading medical research center
and the focal point for medical research in the United States
non-nutritive sweeteners answer:manufactured sweeteners that provide little or no
energy; also called alternative sweeteners
nutrient density answer:the relative amount of nutrients per amount of energy (or number
of Calories)
nutrient-dense foods answer:foods that provide the most nutrients for the least amount of
energy (Calories)
nutrients answer:chemicals found in foods that are critical to human growth and function
nutrition answer:the science that studies food and how food nourishes our body and
influences our health
Nutrition Facts Panel answer:the label on a food package that contains the nutrition
information required by the FDA
nutritive sweeteners answer:sweeteners, such as sucrose, fructose, honey, and brown
sugar, that contribute Calories (energy)
organ answer:a body structure composed of two or more tissues and performing a specific
function; for example, the esophagus
organelle answer:a tiny "organ" within a cell that performs a discrete function necessary
to the cell
organic answer:a substance or nutrient that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen
ounce-equivalent (oz-equivalent) answer:a serving size that is 1 ounce, or equivalent to
an ounce, for the grains section and the meats and beans section of the USDA Food
Guide
pancreas answer:a gland located behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes
pancreatic amylase answer:an enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine
that digests any remaining starch into maltose
peptic ulcer answer:an area of the GI tract that has been eroded away by the acidic gastric
juice of the stomach
percent Daily Values (%DV) answer:information on a Nutrition Facts Panel that identifies
how much a serving of food contributes to your overall intake of the nutrients listed on
the label; based on an energy intake of 2,000 Calories per day
peristalsis answer:waves of squeezing and pushing contractions that move food in one
direction through the length of the GI tract
photosynthesis answer:the process by which plants use sunlight to fuel a chemical
reaction that combines carbon and water into glucose, which is then stored in their cells
phytochemicals answer:compounds found in plants that are believed to have healthpromoting effects in humans
polysaccharide answer:a complex carbohydrate consisting of long chains of glucose
proof answer:a measure of the alcohol content of a liquid; 100 proof liquor is 50%
alcohol by volume, 80 proof liquor is 40% alcohol by volume, and so on
proteins answer:the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen; the basic building blocks
of proteins are amino acids
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) answer:the average daily nutrient intake level
that meets the nutrient requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular life
stage and gender group
resveratrol answer:a potent phenolic antioxidant found in red wine as well as grapes and
nuts
ribose answer:a five-carbon monosaccharide that is located in the generic material of
cells
saliva answer:a mixture of water, mucus, enzymes, and other chemicals that moistens the
mouth and food, binds food particles together, and begins the digestion of carbohydrates
salivary amylase answer:an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch into smaller particles and
eventually into the disaccharide maltose
salivary glands answer:a group of glands found under and behind the tongue and beneath
the jaw that release saliva continually as well as in response to the thought, sight, smell,
or presence of food
simple carbohydrate answer:commonly called sugar; can be either a monosaccharide
(such as glucose) or a disaccharide
small intestine answer:the longest portion of the GI tract, where most digestion and
absorption takes place
soluble fibers answer:fibers that dissolve in water
sphincter answer:a tight ring of muscle separating some of the organs of the GI tract and
opening in response to nerve signals indicating that food is ready to pass into the next
section
starch answer:a polysaccharide stored in plants; the storage form of glucose in plants
stomach answer:a J-shaped organ where food is partially digested, churned, and stored
until it is released into the small intestine
sucrase answer:a digestive enzyme that breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose
sucrose answer:a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose
molecule; sucrose is sweeter than lactose or maltose
system answer:a group of organs that work together to perform a unique function; for
example, the gastrointestinal system
teratogen answer:a compound known to cause fetal harm or danger
theory answer:a conclusion drawn from repeated experiements
tissue answer:a grouping of like cells that performs a function; for example, muscle tissue
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) answer:the highest average daily nutrient intake level
likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life
stage and gender group
total fiber answer:the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber
trace minerals answer:minerals we need to consume in amounts less than 100 mg per day
and of which the total amount in our body is less than 5 g
type 1 diabetes answer:a disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin
type 2 diabetes answer:a progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive
to insulin
variety answer:eating a lot of different foods each day
viscous answer:having a gel-like consistency; viscous fibers form a gel when dissolved in
water
vitamins answer:organic compounds that assist us in regulating our body's processes
water-soluble vitamins answer:vitamins that are soluble in water; these include vitamin C
and the B-vitamins
wellness answer:a multidimensional, lifelong process that includes physical, emotional,
social, occupational, and spiritual health
define wellness Answers: ---a way of life that integrates body mind and spririt
Name the 6 classes of nutrients and their primary functions. Answers: ---1.carbohydratesprovide energy
2.fats- provide energy
3.proteins-build and repair body tissues
4.vitamins-regulate body processes
5.minerals-regulate body processes
6.water-regulate body processes
Pregnancy increased a persons hunger for what nutrients? Answers: ---proteins, mineral,
vitamins.
what are anthropometric measures? Answers: ---height, weights, head, cheast, skinfold
What are biochemical tests? Answers: ---laboratory analysis of blood, urine, and feces
what are carbohydrates? Answers: ---the nutrient class providing the major source of
energy in the average diet.
what are deficiency diseases? Answers: ---diseases caused by the lack of one of more
specific nutrients.
What are essential nutrients? Answers: ---nutrients found only in food.
(about 40)
what are fats? Answers: ---the highest calorie value nutrient class.
what are inorganic nutrients? Answers: ---they are already in their simplest form when the
body ingest them, except for water.
what are minerals? Answers: ---one of many inorganic substances essential to life and
classified generally as minerals
what are nutrients? Answers: ---chemical substances found in food that are necessary for
good health.
what are organic nutrients? Answers: ---they contain hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Its
broken down into their smalles components before the body can use them.
What are primary nutrient deficiency caused by? Answers: ---inadequate dietary intake.
What are proteins? Answers: ---the only one of the six essential nutrient classes
containing nitrogen
What are secondary nutrient deficiency caused by? Answers: ---it is cause by something
other than diet, such as a disease conditon that may cause malabsorption, accelerated
excretion or destruction of the nutrients.
what are vitamins? Answers: ---organic substance necesary for life although they do not,
independently provide energy
what does BUN indicate? Answers: ---May idicate reanal failure, insufficeint renal blood
supply, or blockage of the urinary tract.
what does nourishing mean>? Answers: ---foods or beverages taht provide substantial
amounts of essential nutrients
what does nutritious mean? Answers: ---foods or beverages containing substantial
amounts of essential nutrients
What does serum creatinine indicate? Answers: ---the amount of creatinine in the blood
nad is used for evaluation renal function.
What does the creatinine excretion indicate? Answers: ---the amount of creatinine
excreted in the urine ove a 24-hour period and can be used in estimating body muscle
mass. If the muscle mass has been depleted, as in malnutrition, the level will be low.
what does the serum transferrin level indicate ? Answers: ---it indicates iron carrying
protein in the blood. The level will be above normal if iron stores are low and below
normal if the body lacks protein.
What is a caliper? Answers: ---mechanical device used to measure precentage of body fat
by skinfold measurement
what is a nturition assessment Answers: ---it is the evaluation of one's nutritional
condition
what is atherosclerosis Answers: ---it is a form of arteriosclerosis affecting the
intima(inner lining) of the artery walls
What is circualtion? Answers: ---the body process whereby the blood is moved
trhoughout the body
what is cumulative effects of nutrition? Answers: ---results of something done repeatedly
over many years
What is dietary-social history? Answers: ---evaluation of food habits, including clients
ability to buy and prepare food
what is digestion? Answers: ---breakdown of food int he body in prepartaion for
absorption
what is elimination? Answers: ---evacuation of wastes
what is goiter? Answers: ---enlarge tissue of the thyroid gland due to a deficienty of
iodine
what is iron deficiency? Answers: ---intake of iron is adequate but the body has no extra
iron stored [Show Less]