Where is SGLT1 predominantly expressed? - CORRECT ANSWER-Sodium dependent
glucose transporter: brain, heart, enterocytes
What are the
... [Show More] pathophysiological conditions that affect fructose uptake rate in the body?
- CORRECT ANSWER-Fructosuria, hereditary fructose intolerance, and 1-6
biphosphatase deficiency
How are nutrient molecules taken in enterocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Sugars:
Transporters
Protein: Broken down into amino acids and absorbed with sodium cotransport
Lipids: Broken down into fatty acids and absorbed
4) Which glucose transport system is used for fructose, and where is it expressed in the
body? - CORRECT ANSWER-GLUT5, primarily expressed on the apical surface of the
small intestine brush border cells, but also at lower levels in testis, kidney, brain,
skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue
5) What is primary lactase deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER-Inherited deficiency in
lactase enzyme, lactase decreases as your diet becomes less reliant on milk and dairy
products.
6) What is the fate of dietary lipids? How are they digested, absorbed, and transferred in
the body? - CORRECT ANSWER-Digested
Emulsified by bile salts
Degraded into triglycerols by intestinal lipases.
Absorbed
Resulting fatty acids are taken up by intestinal mucosa and turned into triglycerols.
Triglycerols are combined with cholesterol and apoproteins to form chylomicrons
Transferred
Chylomycrons move through lacteal system to organs and tissues.
Lipoprotein lipases activated by apoC II in the capillaries release fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids enter cells (in image myocytes or adipocytes.
Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or reestrified for storage.
How are lipids taken into adipocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER-They are broken down by
apoC II into fatty acids before entering via facilitated transport.
What is Cori cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER-A little game the muscle and liver play,
muscle is working so its using glucose and making lactase as a byproduct, too much
lactate is a bad thing so this lactate is shuttled off to the liver (mom!). The liver converts
lactate back into pyruvate and turns pyruvate back into glucose via gluconeogenesis, it
then sends this glucose back to the muscles so they can continue working.
9) What is glucose-alanine cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER-Basically like Cori cycle, but
alanine instead of lactate. Still a game between muscles and liver.
Pyruvate + NH2 = Alanine (Transamination)
0) How does exercise intensity affect carbohydrate and fat metabolism? (Which one
increases with exercise intensity) - CORRECT ANSWER-When exercise intensity
increases, carbohydrate metabolism increases and fat metabolism decreases.
11) How is meal order (carbohydrate first or protein first) affects post prandial glucose
and post prandial insulin levels? - CORRECT ANSWER-Eating protein then
carbohydrate will yield lower post prandial insulin levels then vise versa.
12) What is the difference in contraction and metabolic fuel preference between white
muscle and red/dark? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fast/white muscle activity has faster and
stronger contractions that require ATP produced from aerobic glycolysis as a fuel
source.
Slow/red muscle is slower but can last for a lot longer due to getting ATP from the more
efficient aerobic metabolism pathways.
13) What is the overall benefit of regulating the rate of conversion of glucose into
pyruvate? - CORRECT ANSWER-Can make sure we have enough intermediates that
go into the metabolic pathways.
14) What is the main reason that glycolysis is regulated at multiple points? - CORRECT
ANSWER-To ensure production of intermediates.
15) What is the fate of ingested inulin? - CORRECT ANSWER-Degraded by bacteria in
large intestines.
16) How is fructose metabolism different than glucose metabolism? What is the
metabolic consequence of this difference? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fructose is
metabolized almost completely in the liver by entering the glycolytic pathway through
the fructose-1 phosphate pathway and is directed towards the replenishment of LIVER
glycogen and triglycerides.
A consequence is that fructose is NOT regulated by ATP or citrate feedback
mechanisms like glucose is.
17) Are amino acids oxidized as much as fat or carbohydrate oxidation in metabolism? -
CORRECT ANSWER-No, they are oxidized substantially less.
18) What are the key intermediates involved in governing the flow of molecules in core
metabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pyruvate, G6P, acetyl CoA
19) What is the most common intermediate compound produced from the oxidation of
glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pyruvate?
20) How is pyruvate processed in metabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER-Four routes
Transamination to alanine in cytosol
Reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase to regenerate NAD+
Carboxylation to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
decraboxylated to acetyl Co A inside the mitrochondria (Kreb)
21) What is the effect of dietary fiber on mineral bioavailability? - CORRECT ANSWERDietary fiber impairs mineral absorption and therefor decreases mineral bioavailability.
22) How does cooking and food preparation affect phytase activity? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Decreases it by hydrolyzing it.
23) Which metabolic pathways/processes use glucose? - CORRECT ANSWERGlycolysis, gluconeonegeisis. ?
24) What are the general principles of metabolic pathway regulation? - CORRECT
ANSWER25) What is in human breast milk? What is the unique composition of human breast milk
with respect to carbohydrates? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lactose
2'-fucosyllactose: gut bacteria fighter
3'-sialyllactose: gut bacteria fighter
Disialyllacto-N-tetraose
Some 200 types of oligosacchrides formed by 5 simple sugars help cultivate newborns
microbiome
26) What is the effect of soluble fiber on blood glucose level? - CORRECT ANSWERLower blood glucose level and lower the absorption of glucose - prevents type 2
diabetes
27) What is the recommended upper limit of dietary fiber? - CORRECT ANSWER28) What are the ranges for blood glucose concentration in normal, prediabetic, and
diabetic conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal: Fasting blood sugar below 100
mg/dL
Prediabetic: 100 to 125 mg/dL
Diabetic: Over 125 mg/dL
29) What is A1C test? - CORRECT ANSWER-A simple bood test that measur [Show Less]