NURSING RESEARCH METHODS AND CRITICAL APPRAISALFOR EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE9TH EDITION TEST BANK BY GERI
Ch. 1Evolution of Nursing Thought and Action
... [Show More] Pg.3-11 Nursing Images
throughout history
The naughty nurse-thesexy nurseimage arosein the 20th century with burlesque shows.
The MilitaryImage – nurses are portrayed in uniform providing support at the battlefield
Hospitalers- specialized soldiers during the crusade who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to
care for the sick and injured
The Angel of Mercy- is serene and content, is usually shown with a halo or other religious symbol. Until
100 years ago, nurses cared for patients at great risks to themselves.Even asrecently asthe1950’s,
antibiotics were notreadily available, and the chief cause of mortality was infectious disease.
-History demonstrates a strong link between nursing and religiousorders.
- Thevaluesofservice and devotion tothe patient faded along with theinfluenceof Christianity during
the 14th to the 16th centuries (renaissance)
The Handmaiden-Thisstereotype portraysthemale physician asthe dominant role, this perception of nursing has
changed with nurses doing more collaboration, planning and providing care not only the direction of the
physicians but also along with them.
- Although the handmaiden image was more widespread in the past,even then not all nurses considered
themselves to be subservient to physicians
The Battle-Ax- the nurse at the “torturer”, treating her patients with cruelty and disdain. Care giving
activitiescontributetothe persistenceof the battle-aximage- drawing blood, giving injections….
Describetheroleof religion in the developmentof nursing.
In Eygpt, ancient Greece and Rome, temples were health centers as well as places of worship. Nurses
started off in monasteries but moved to hospitals dueto persecution. Ancient writings describe nursing
responsibilities/attributes to include: knowledge of the preparation, compounding, and administration of
drugs, wisdom, purity and devotion to the patient.
The association of nursing with religion has not always been positive
During the15th and 19th centuries, theinfluenceof Christianity began to wane and many nurses with religious
orders fled to avoid imprisonment and death. There was a shift in medicine that moved practitioners from
monasteries to universities.
-Many nursing programs arestill affiliated with religious groups.
Identifythefactorsthat led tothechangeof nursing from a vocation of men and women to a predominantly
female profession
WAR
Define nursing in yourown words.
Nurses assist theindividualsick or well in activitiesthatcontributeto health or it’s recovery, or a peaceful
death.
Theinternationalcouncilof nurses definition: pg 11.
“ Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and
communities, sick and well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of
illness and thecareof ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promoting of a safe environment, research,
participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are
also key nursing roles.”
Florence Nightingales contributions to nursing:
The establishment of nursing as a distinct profession Introduction of a broadbased liberaleducation for nurses Major reform in the delivery of care in
hospitals
Theintroduction ofstandardstocontrol thespread of diseaseof hospitals ( epidemiology),
decrease of nosocomial infections
Majorreformsin healthcarefor the military
Lilian Wald and Mary BrewsterFounded the Henry Street Settlement in New York to improve the health and social conditionsof poor
immigrants, thisisconsidered thestartof public health nursing in the U.S.
White Women- About 82% of RN’s are white,6% are male. Major nursing organizations agree that we need a
more diversified nursing force.
Examplesof nursing activities
Dependent activities
-Administering prescribed medication
-Assisting with a diagnostictest
- Administering IVfluids
-Ensuring that the patient received the prescribed diet
Independent Activities
-Evaluating the patient’sresponseto medication and withholding the next doseif the patient has a negative
reaction
-Teaching the patient what toexpect fromthe diagnostictest , preparing the patient for the test.
-Evaluating the patient’s responseto treatment, monitoring the flow rate
-Teaching a pregnant woman about additional nutrients needed in her diet.
Full-spectrum nurse:
Nurses useclinical judgement,critical thinking, and problem solving astheycarefor patients.
ClinicalJudgment-involved observing,comparing,contrasting and evaluating theclient’s condition to determine
where change has occurred.
Critical thinking-is a reflectivethinking processthat involved collecting information, analyzing the
adequacy and accuracy of the information.
Problem solving-is a process by which nursesconsider an issue and attempt tofind a satisfactory solution
to achieve the best outcomes.
Learning outcomes… Pgs12-24
Differentiate among thevariousformsofeducation
Practical and Vocational Nursing Education
• Known asLVNsorLPNs
• May attend oneof approximately1200 approved programs given at technical or
community college
• Usuallylasts a year in both classroom and clinical teaching
• Aftercompleting education programmust pass NCLEX-PN exam
Registered Nursing entryeducation
• 5 educational pathways lead to an RN
• Allmustcomplete NCLEX-RN
o Diploma programs
▪ Last3yearsfocusesin clinicalexperiences
o Associate degree programs
▪ Offered in communitycollege
▪ Account for 53% of RN programs in the U.S.
o Baccalaureate degree programs
▪ Lasts at least 8 semesters
▪ About 42% of nursing programs
o Master’sentry programs
▪ Usually has another baccalaureate degreein another field
▪ Programs are usually3yearsof full timestudy
▪ After education completion you are eligible to take licensing
examand receivemaster’s degreein nursing
o Doctoralentry
▪ Verylimited enrollment
Graduate Nursing Education
▪ Master’s degree program
o Prepares RNstofunction in a moreindependent role
o Program usuallylasts 2 oryearsorlonger at the universitylevel
▪ Doctoral programs
o Typicallystudent has Baccalaureate and a Masters degree
o Preparesfor advanced clinical practice
How Is Nursing Practice Regulated?
▪ Each stateenactsitsown nurse practice act
▪ Must belicensed as a nurse
▪ Statesrequire graduation froman approved nursing program
▪ Nursing is also guided by a standardsof practice
o Provide a means by which a profession clearly describes the focus of its
activities, the receipts of service, and the responsibilities [Show Less]