Unit 2: Nutrition to Support Wellness (Cohort 1)
Reading: Macronutrients
-Identify the differences between macronutrients and micronutrients
*
... [Show More] Macronutrients: are carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth,
thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amts than
micronutrients
* Micronutrients: vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development. Play various
roles in cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health probs.
-Differentiate the S/S for the following diseases:
1. Obesity: excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2 diabetes. Puts stress
on knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Influenced by genetic/environmental factors.
2. Marasmus: general deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie malnutrition.
3. Kwashiorkor: primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include fatigue, irritability,
lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea, dermatitis,
change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death.
4. Anorexia nervosa: restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal. Intense fear of wt gain,
distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common co-morbid
conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased micronutrient intake,
which leads to death.
5. Bulimia nervosa: binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of laxatives/diuretics). Can lead
to obesity.
6. Pellagra: Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by “4 D’s of Pellagra:” dermatitis, diarrhea,
dementia & death.
Reading: Micronutrients
Identify diseases/illness related to specific vitamin deficiencies (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, iron,
iodine, etc.).
* Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy): Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages under skin, rough
scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen & lead to death.
* Vit D Deficiency (Rickets): bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance
* Vit A Deficiency: leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea & URIs
* Iron Deficiency (Anemia):
* Iodine Deficiency: leads to physical/mental developmental delays.
Reading: Malnutrition
Identify the differences between kwashiorkor and marasmus
* Kwashiorkor: Adequate calories, not enough protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food
supply, low education levels. Often tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX
has + results. Without RX, is fatal
* Marasmus: means to “waste away.” Is acute form of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories
AND protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for energy & then
muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes, bald head,
aged/gaunt appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have below
1
NUTRITION (C787) STUDY GUIDE
norm body temp.
Reading: Treating Malnutrition
Identify effects and treatments for malnutrition
* Has adverse effects on physical/psychosocial wellbeing by predisposing to disease. Mostly
treatable by optimizing food intake & using oral nutritional supplements. Effects: poor health,
increased infections, increased hosp admits, longer recovery time, increased dependency, more
MD visits, higher medicine costs, higher rate of admits to nsg home, decreased muscle strength,
inactivity, impaired temp regulation, electrolyte/fluid imbalance. Must screen for BMI < 18.5,
recent unintentional wt loss, no intake > 5 days. “Food first” approach, then oral nutritional
supplements (ONS)
Reading: Chapter 1: Applying Nutrition Science to Public Health ((PLEASE ACCESS THE CHAPTER
THROUGH THE UNIT 2 COURSE MATERIAL IF THE LINK DOES NOT WORK FOR YOU)
Briefly define HEI, NHANES, DGA, and the foods/products regulated by the FDA/USDA.
* HEI: Healthy Eating Index. Uses a scoring system to evaluate a set of foods. Scores range from 0-
100. An ideal overall HEI score of 100 reflects that the set of foods aligns w/ key dietary
recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Scoring metric is composed of 12
subcomponents, 9 of which receive “adequacy scores” (total fruit, whole fruit, total veggies,
greens & beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein foods, seafood & plant proteins, & fatty acid
ratios) & a higher score indicates higher consumption. 3 remaining subcomponents (refined
grains, sodium & empty calories) & a higher score indicates lower consumption.
* NHANES: National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. Is a program of studies designed to
assess the health/nutritional status of the US population? Survey combines health interviews &
physical exams w/ dietary info. A goal is to estimate the # & % of persons in the US with selected
diseases & risk factors. They monitor trends of selected diseases. They study the r/s between
diet, nutrition & health. They establish & maintain a national probability sample of baseline info
on health & nutritional status. Collects information on supplement & prescription med intake,
food security, some consumer behaviors & anthropometrics. The integrated dietary component
of the NHANES is titled “What We Eat in America.”
* DGA: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Published every 5 years by the HHS & USDA. These are
the foundation of federal nutrition policy, nutrition education programs & information activities.
They are evidence-based recommendations for food (& some nutrient intake) designed to
promote health & reduce risk of chronic disease for healthy Americans 2 yrs & older.
* FDA: regulates domestic poultry, red meat (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules & other equine),
egg products & products with more than 3% raw meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the
carcass or 30% or more fat, tallow or other meat extract, alone or in combination. They regulate
products with 2% or more cooked poultry or more than 10% poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry
meat in any combination.
* USDA: regulates non-specified poultry (wild turkeys, ducks & geese), non-specified red meats
(bison, rabbits, game animals, zoo animals & members of the deer family including elk &
moose), shells eggs of domestic chickens, turkeys, ducks. They also regulate products with less
than 3% raw meat, 2% cooked meat or other portions of the carcass or less than 30% fat, tallow
or other meat extract, alone or in combination. They regulate products with less than 2% cooked
poultry or less than 10% poultry skins, giblets, fat and poultry meat in any combination. [Show Less]