NURS548 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Review Latest Solution 2022
Apoptosis - A form of programmed cell death that eliminates senescent cells, DNA,,
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and damage or unwanted cells.
Neoplastic cells do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant.
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Labile Cell - Continuously dividing tissues are those in which cells continue to divide
and replicate throughout our life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed.
They include the surface epithelial cells of the skin, oral cavity, vagina, and cervix;
the columnar epithelium of the gi tract, uterus, and fallopian tubes; the transitional
epithelium of the urinary tract; and bone marrow cells. These tissues can easily
regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved.
Stable cells - Cells that normally stop dividing when growth stops. cells in these
tissues remain dormant in the G0 stage of the cell cycle. They are, however, capable
of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. Stable
cells constitute the parenchyma of solid organs such as the liver and kidney. They
also include smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, the
proliferation is particularly important to wound healing.
Permanent Cell - Cells in the permanent tissues to not proliferate. they are
considered to be terminally differentiated and do not undergo mitotic division in
postnatal cells. They include nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle
cells. These cells do not normally regenerate; once destroyed they are replaced with
fibrous scar tissue that lacks the functional characteristics of the destroyed tissue.
Cell Cycle - Page 72 of textbook
Proto-Oncogene - Normal genes that become cancer-causing genes if mutated.
They encode for normal cell proteins such as growth factors, growth factor receptors,
transcription factors that promote cell growth, cell cycle proteins and inhibitors of
apoptosis. Proto-oncogenes are associated with gene overactivity.
Oncogenesis - 3 stages: Initiation; Promotion; Progression
Initiation - Initial mutations occur by a carcinogenic agent such as chemicals,
radiation, or viruses causing DNA damage and cell mutation
Promotion - mutated cells are stimulated to divide- activation of oncogenes by
promoter agent
Progression - tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations
which make them more aggressive
Sequence of events in cellular response to inflammation includes leukocyte - 1.
margination and adhesion
2. transmigration
3. Chemotaxis
4. activation and phagocytosis
non-osseous, malignant neoplasm of tissues derived from mesoderm - Sarcoma
Benign tumor of adipose tissue - lipoma
Benign neoplasm arising in glandular tissue - adenoma
malignant tumor of bone - osteosarcoma
benign tumors - tissue name + "oma"
Malignant tumor-epithielial tissue - tissue name + "Carcinoma"
malignant tumor- mesenchymal tissue - tissue name + "sarcoma"
What happens during the vascular stage of acute inflammation - Prostaglandins and
leukotrienes affect blood vessels. arterioles & venules dilate
increased blood flow to the injured area
redness and warmth result
capillaries become more permeable
allows exudate to escape into tissues
swelling and pain result
Serous exudate - watery fluid low in protein content that result from plasma entering
the inflammatory site
Hemorrhagic exudate - Occurs with severe tissue injury that causes damage to
blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of red cells from capillaries
fibrinous exudate - contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky
meshwork, much like fibers of a blood clot.
Membranous exudate - develops on mucous membrane surfaces and are composed
of necrotic cells enmeshed in fibro-purulent exudate.
Purulent exudate - contains pus, which is composed of degraded white cells,
proteins and tissue debris.
Process that occurs when there is injury to tissue - leukocytes mobilize to the area
via the bloodstream. Once they reach the compromised area, the 1st process is
"pavementing", whereby the leukocytes collect along the endothelial lining of the
blood vessel. This allows them to "get out of the flow of traffic", in preparation of
making a "left hand turn" out of the blood vessel. Once they make this left hand turn
and leave the blood vessel (emigration), they are directed to the site of injury (it is
very dark inside) by way of chemical signals (chemotaxis). Now they can "clean up"
the area and remove unwanted debris via the process of phagocytosis.... [Show Less]