Common practice for in-text citations for a single author using APA style includes:
(author last name, year of publication)
(author last name, first
... [Show More] initial, year of publication)
(author last name, first name, page number)
The correct in text citation is (authors's last name, year of publication)
In APA format, which one of these statements is not true about the references page:
The title of the references page is Bibliography, and should be centered at the top if the page and not in bold font.
References should be placed in alphabetical order by author last name.
A digital object identifier (DOI) or website for the journal article referenced should be placed at the end of every journal article reference if available.
The name of the journal should be italicized and major words should be capitalized.
A conceptual definition of a variable is
defined in the review of literature.
also considered to be the intervention. (WRONG ANSWER)
influencing the selection of the sample.
the systematic investigation of relationship.
A conceptual definition is the beginning understanding of a concept, it is very broad and what it means to you and to me and to others.
A nurse planning a research project wants to know more about their sample. Which of the following would be considered a demographic variable?
Pain intensity
Socioeconomic status
Heart rate
Oral temperature
Demographic variables describe the characteristics of the sample. Some include age, education, race, ethnicity, income, etc
A nurse hypothesizes that the presence of social support from family affects the pain perception of hospitalized patients.
What is the dependent variable in this hypothesis?
social support
hospitalized patients
pain perception
family members
The pain perception depends (IV) upon the social support from the family.
Subjects who volunteered to receive an experimental treatment for pancreatic cancer are educated about essential study information, assessed for understanding of this information, and asked to willingly participate in the research study. This process is known as:
informed consent
coercion
institutional review
deception
Informed consent includes disclosure to the subject of essential study information, comprehension of this information by the subject, competence of the subject to give consent, and voluntary consent of the subject to participate in the study.
A contractual agreement is what the researcher and the participant enter into once the subject signs the informed consent.
A debriefing takes place after the study is over and addresses any concerns that the subject has as a result of participation in the study.
Legal liability is the extent to which the researcher might be held accountable for any harm to subjects as a result of participation in the study.
A questionnaire has an ID number in one corner that allows the research team to identify the subject. This is an example of:
right to privacy. confidentiality. deception.
informed consent.
Confidentiality is the safe management of private information shared by a subject. The researcher must refrain from sharing that information without the authorization of the subject. Research findings need to be reported so that a subject or group of subjects cannot be identified.
Complete anonymity exists if the subject’s identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses.
Deception is deliberately not disclosing all aspects of the study to the subjects.
Informed consent means that the subject has been told about all aspects of the study including the risk/benefit ratio and agrees to participate.
One example of a research population with diminished autonomy (vulnerability) would be:
college students.
members of a senior citizen center. mentally ill patients.
middle-aged women.
Children, the mentally impaired, and unconscious patients are legally and mentally incompetent to give informed consent.
College students would not be considered a vulnerable population. The
members of a senior citizen center would not be considered a vulnerable population.
The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) is to: determine the extent to which human rights will be protected in a study. critique the research methods of a study.
determine the appropriate journals for publication of the study.
review the costs associated with an institutional study.
The functions of an IRB involve reviewing research to determine whether the rights and welfare of the subjects were protected, the methods used to secure informed consent were appropriate, and the potential benefits of the study were greater than the risks. The IRB examines studies for ethical concerns. Their job is to protect human subjects, not critique the research methods.
A research hypothesis:
predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study
defines the theoretical framework for the study
is used to determine relationships in a study (WRONG ANSWER)
clarifies the gap in the literature in the study
Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: "Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain
and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."
Relaxation therapy
Complaints of pain
Pain medication use
Music therapy
An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. In this example, music therapy is the "treatment" that is being used to manipulate frequency of pain and amount of required pain medication.
A friend asks you to explain the difference between a conceptual definition and an operational definition of anxiety. You help her to understand these concepts by providing her with the following operational definition of anxiety.
An overwhelming feeling of uneasiness
A score above 40 on the Anxiety Inventory
Discomfort at the highest level
A sense of fear
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