Apoptosis- A programmed death Example: Inflammatory processNecrosis-Irreversible injuryExamples: Mr. Bax r/t arteriosclerosis*Hypoxia #1 cellular injury
... [Show More] (MI) and the most common cause of cellular injury is hypoxic injuryAtrophy:Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)Hypertrophy: (increase in size of cell)Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial ishypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred to as physiologichypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasiaHyperplasia is cellular adaptation would take place after a portion of the liver has been dissected.Metaplasia:(replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining havebeen replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped.Dysplasia- not adaptiveATP=energy BUT needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolismA reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium anddiffusion of potassium out of the cell.Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)Afree radicalis an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron.Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron toanother molecule or steals one.Injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranesand nucleic acids.Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD, HF, DM*The consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury enzymatic digestion of thenucleus and nucleolus occurs halting DNA synthesis [Show Less]