What is coronary artery disease? - ANSWER Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the
coronary arteries depriving the heart muscle of oxygen and
... [Show More] nutrients. What does CAD lead to? - ANSWER MI and acute coronary syndromes What is the most common cause of CAD? - ANSWER atherosclerosis
What is the epidemiology of CAD? - ANSWER -7% of the US population older than 20 years of age has CAD
-610,000 new heart attacks each year
-325,000 recurrent heart attacks each year
-Heart attack occurs every 25 seconds
-1 in 6 deaths results from CAD
What are non-modifiable risk factors for CAD? - ANSWER -Advanced age
-Male gender or woman after menopause
-Family history
What are modifiable risk factors for CAD? - ANSWER -Dyslipidemia
-Hypertension
-Cigarette smoking
-Diabetes and insulin resistance
-Obesity
-Sedentary life-style
-Atherogenic diet
What is atherosclerosis? - ANSWER a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body.
What is the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis? - ANSWER 1.Injured endothelial cells become inflamed and cannot make normal amounts of antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines.
2. Inflammatory cytokines are released.
3. Macrophages adhere to injured endothelium through the use of adhesion molecules.
4. Macrophages then release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that create oxidative stress, oxidize LDL, and further injure the vessel wall.
5. Growth factors are also release, which stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation in the affected vessel.
What is an MI? - ANSWER A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle (heart attack).
What is the pathophysiology of an MI? - ANSWER -Develops if supply of coronary blood cannot meet the demand of myocardium for oxygen and nutrients
-Most common cause of decreased coronary blood flow is formation of atherosclerotic plaques
-Myocardial cells become ischemic within 10 seconds of coronary occlusion
-Cardiac cells remain viable for approximately 20 minutes under ischemic conditions. What are clinical manifestations of an MI? - ANSWER • Stable angina
• Angina pectoris
What is stable angina? - ANSWER chronic coronary obstruction usually results in recurrent predictable chest pain
What is angina pectoris? - ANSWER transient substernal chest discomfort [Show Less]