E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of
... [Show More] intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Atrophy
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Hyperplasia
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Dysplasia
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Metaplasia
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Hypoxia injury
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Free radical and ROS
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Ethanol
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Oncosis
Liver and germ cell tumors
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
prostate tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen
from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
Carcino-
from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma
Sarco-
preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix
Carcinoma in situ [Show Less]