NURS 4403 Chapter 15: Fetal Assessment during Labor
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Fetal bradycardia is most common during:
a. Intraamniotic
... [Show More] infection.
b. Fetal anemia.
c. Prolonged umbilical cord compression.
d. Tocolytic treatment using terbutaline.
2. While evaluating an external monitor tracing of a woman in active labor, the nurse notes that the fetal heart rate (FHR) for five sequential contractions begins to decelerate late in the contraction, with the nadir of the decelerations occurring after the peak of the contraction. The nurse’s first priority is to:
a. Change the woman’s position. c. Assist with amnioinfusion.
b. Notify the care provider. d. Insert a scalp electrode.
3. The nurse caring for the laboring woman should understand that early decelerations are caused by:
a. Altered fetal cerebral blood flow. c. Uteroplacental insufficiency.
b. Umbilical cord compression. d. Spontaneous rupture of membranes.
4. The nurse providing care for the laboring woman comprehends that accelerations with fetal movement:
a. Are reassuring.
b. Are caused by umbilical cord compression.
c. Warrant close observation.
d. Are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency.
5. The nurse providing care for the laboring woman realizes that variable fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations are caused by:
a. Altered fetal cerebral blood flow. c. Uteroplacental insufficiency.
b. Umbilical cord compression. d. Fetal hypoxemia.
6. The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that late fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations are the result of:
a. Altered cerebral blood flow. c. Uteroplacental insufficiency.
b. Umbilical cord compression. d. Meconium fluid.
7. The nurse providing care for the laboring woman should understand that amnioinfusion is used to treat:
a. Variable decelerations. c. Fetal bradycardia.
b. Late decelerations. d. Fetal tachycardia.
8. The nurse caring for the woman in labor should understand that maternal hypotension can result in:
a. Early decelerations. c. Uteroplacental insufficiency.
b. Fetal dysrhythmias. d. Spontaneous rupture of membranes.
9. The nurse caring for a laboring woman is aware that maternal cardiac output can be increased by:
a. Change in position. c. Regional anesthesia.
b. Oxytocin administration. d. Intravenous analgesic.
10. While evaluating an external monitor tracing of a woman in active labor whose labor is being induced, the nurse notes that the fetal heart rate (FHR) begins to decelerate at the onset of several contractions and returns to baseline before each contraction ends. The nurse should:
a. Change the woman’s position.
b. Discontinue the oxytocin infusion.
c. Insert an internal monitor.
d. Document the finding in the client’s record.
11. Which fetal heart rate (FHR) finding would concern the nurse during labor?
a. Accelerations with fetal movement c. An average FHR of 126 beats/min
b. Early decelerations d. Late decelerations
12. The most common cause of decreased variability in the fetal heart rate (FHR) that lasts 30 minutes or less is:
a. Altered cerebral blood flow. c. Umbilical cord compression.
b. Fetal hypoxemia. d. Fetal sleep cycles.
13. Fetal well-being during labor is assessed by:
a. The response of the fetal heart rate (FHR) to uterine contractions (UCs).
b. Maternal pain control.
c. Accelerations in the FHR.
d. An FHR above 110 beats/min.
14. You are evaluating the fetal monitor tracing of your client, who is in active labor. Suddenly you see the fetal heart rate (FHR) drop from its baseline of 125 down to 80. You reposition the mother, provide oxygen, increase intravenous (IV) fluid, and perform a vaginal examination. The cervix has not changed. Five minutes have passed, and the fetal heart rate remains in the 80s. What additional nursing measures should you take?
a. Scream for help.
b. Insert a Foley catheter.
c. Start Pitocin.
d. Notify the care provider immediately.
15. What three measures should the nurse implement to provide intrauterine resuscitation? Select the response that best indicates the priority of actions that should be taken.
a. Call the provider, reposition the mother, and perform a vaginal examination.
b. Reposition the mother, increase intravenous (IV) fluid, and provide oxygen via face mask.
c. Administer oxygen to the mother, increase IV fluid, and notify the care provider.
d. Perform a vaginal examination, reposition the mother, and provide oxygen via face mask.
16. Perinatal nurses are legally responsible for:
a. Correctly interpreting fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, initiating appropriate nursing interventions, and documenting the outcomes.
b. Greeting the client on arrival, assessing her, and starting an intravenous line.
c. Applying the external fetal monitor and notifying the care provider.
d. Making sure that the woman is comfortable.
17. As a perinatal nurse you realize that a fetal heart rate that is tachycardic, is bradycardic, or has late decelerations or loss of variability is nonreassuring and is associated with:
a. Hypotension. c. Maternal drug use.
b. Cord compression. d. Hypoxemia.
18. A new client and her partner arrive on the labor, delivery, recovery, and postpartum unit for the birth of their first child. You apply the electronic fetal monitor (EFM) to the woman. Her partner asks you to explain what is printing on the graph, referring to the EFM strip. He wants to know what the baby’s heart rate should be. Your best response is:
a. “Don’t worry about that machine; that’s my job.”
b. “The top line graphs the baby’s heart rate. Generally the heart rate is between 110 and 160. The heart rate will fluctuate in response to what is happening during labor.”
c. “The top line graphs the baby’s heart rate, and the bottom line lets me know how strong the contractions are.”
d. “Your doctor will explain all of that later.”
19. A normal uterine activity pattern in labor is characterized by:
a. Contractions every 2 to 5 minutes.
b. Contractions lasting about 2 minutes.
c. Contractions about 1 minute apart.
d. A contraction intensity of about 1000 mm Hg with relaxation at 50 mm Hg.
20. According to standard professional thinking, nurses should auscultate the fetal heart rate (FHR):
a. Every 15 minutes in the active phase of the first stage of labor in the absence of risk factors.
b. Every 20 minutes in the second stage, regardless of whether risk factors are present.
c. Before and after ambulation and rupture of membranes.
d. More often in a woman’s first pregnancy.
21. When using intermittent auscultation (IA) for fetal heart rate, nurses should be aware that:
a. They can be expected to cover only two or three clients when IA is the primary method of fetal assessment.
b. The best course is to use the descriptive terms associated with electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) when documenting results.
c. If the heartbeat cannot be found immediately, a shift must be made to EFM.
d. Ultrasound can be used to find the fetal heartbeat and reassure the mother if initial difficulty was a factor.
22. When using intermittent auscultation (IA) to assess uterine activity, the nurse should be cognizant that:
a. The examiner’s hand should be placed over the fundus before, during, and after contractions.
b. The frequency and duration of contractions is measured in seconds for consistency.
c. Contraction intensity is given a judgment number of 1 to 7 by the nurse and client together.
d. The resting tone between contractions is described as either placid or turbulent.
23. What is an advantage of external electronic fetal monitoring?
a. The ultrasound transducer can accurately measure short-term variability and beat- to-beat changes in the fetal heart rate.
b. The tocotransducer can measure and record the frequency, regularity, intensity, and approximate duration of uterine contractions (UCs).
c. The tocotransducer is especially valuable for measuring uterine activity during the first stage of labor.
d. Once correctly applied by the nurse, the transducer need not be repositioned even when the woman changes positions.
24. When assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of internal and external electronic fetal monitoring, nurses comprehend that both:
a. Can be used when membranes are intact.
b. Measure the frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine contractions.
c. May need to rely on the woman to indicate when uterine activity (UA) is occurring.
d. Can be used during the antepartum and intrapartum periods.
25. During labor a fetus with an average heart rate of 135 beats/min over a 10-minute period would be considered to have:
a. Bradycardia. c. Tachycardia.
b. A normal baseline heart rate. d. Hypoxia.
26. The nurse caring for the woman in labor should understand that increased variability of the fetal heart rate may be caused by:
a. Narcotics. c. Methamphetamines.
b. Barbiturates. d. Tranquilizers.
27. Which deceleration of the fetal heart rate would not require the nurse to change the maternal position?
a. Early decelerations
b. Late decelerations
c. Variable decelerations
d. It is always a good idea to change the woman’s position.
28. What correctly matches the type of deceleration with its likely cause?
a. Early deceleration—umbilical cord compression
b. Late deceleration—uteroplacental inefficiency
c. Variable deceleration—head compression
d. Prolonged deceleration—cause unknown
29. The nurse caring for a woman in labor understands that prolonged decelerations:
a. Are a continuing pattern of benign decelerations that do not require intervention.
b. Constitute a baseline change when they last longer than 5 minutes.
c. Usually are isolated events that end spontaneously.
d. Require the usual fetal monitoring by the nurse.
30. A nurse may be called on to stimulate the fetal scalp:
a. As part of fetal scalp blood sampling.
b. In response to tocolysis.
c. In preparation for fetal oxygen saturation monitoring.
d. To elicit an acceleration in the fetal heart rate (FHR).
31. In assisting with the two factors that have an effect on fetal status (i.e., pushing and positioning), nurses should:
a. Encourage the woman’s cooperation in avoiding the supine position.
b. Advise the woman to avoid the semi-Fowler position.
c. Encourage the woman to hold her breath and tighten her abdominal muscles to produce a vaginal response.
d. Instruct the woman to open her mouth and close her glottis, letting air escape after the push.
32. The uterine contractions of a woman early in the active phase of labor are assessed by an internal uterine pressure catheter (IUPC). The nurse notes that the intrauterine pressure at the peak of the contraction ranges from 65 to 70 mm Hg and the resting tone range is 6 to 10 mm Hg. The uterine contractions occur every 3 to 4 minutes and last an average of 55 to 60 seconds. On the basis of this information, the nurse should:
a. Notify the woman’s primary health care provider immediately.
b. Prepare to administer an oxytocic to stimulate uterine activity.
c. Document the findings because they reflect the expected contraction pattern for the active phase of labor.
d. Prepare the woman for the onset of the second stage of labor.
33. Which maternal condition is considered a contraindication for the application of internal monitoring devices?
a. Unruptured membranes c. External monitors in current use
b. Cervix dilated to 4 cm d. Fetus with a known heart defect
34. The nurse knows that proper placement of the tocotransducer for electronic fetal monitoring is located:
a. Over the uterine fundus. c. Inside the uterus.
b. On the fetal scalp. d. Over the mother’s lower abdomen.
35. Why is continuous electronic fetal monitoring usually used when oxytocin is administered?
a. The mother may become hypotensive.
b. Uteroplacental exchange may be compromised.
c. Maternal fluid volume deficit may occur.
d. Fetal chemoreceptors are stimulated.
36. Increasing the infusion rate of nonadditive intravenous fluids can increase fetal oxygenation primarily by:
a. Maintaining normal maternal temperature.
b. Preventing normal maternal hypoglycemia.
c. Increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the maternal blood.
d. Expanding maternal blood volume.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
37. A tiered system of categorizing FHR has been recommended by regulatory agencies. Nurses, midwives, and physicians who care for women in labor must have a working knowledge of fetal monitoring standards and understand the significance of each category. These categories include (Select all that apply):
a. Reassuring.
b. Category I.
c. Category II.
d. Nonreassuring.
e. Category III.
38. The baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) is the average rate during a 10-minute segment. Changes in FHR are categorized as periodic or episodic. These patterns include both accelerations and decelerations. The labor nurse is evaluating the patient’s most recent 10-minute segment on the monitor strip and notes a late deceleration. This is likely to be caused by which physiologic alteration (Select all that apply)?
a. Spontaneous fetal movement
b. Compression of the fetal head
c. Placental abruption
d. Cord around the baby’s neck
e. Maternal supine hypotension
MATCHING
Fetal well-being in labor can be measured by the response of the FHR to uterine contractions. Please match the characteristic of normal uterine activity during labor with the correct description.
a. Frequency d. Resting tone
b. Duration e. Relaxation time
c. Strength
39. Commonly 45 seconds or more in the second stage of labor
40. Generally ranging from two to five contractions per 10 minutes of labor
41. Average of 10 mm Hg
42. Peaking at 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage of labor
43. Remaining fairly stable throughout the first and second stages
39. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: 383 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic integrity
NOT: Should the FHR respond outside of these evidence-based parameters for uterine activity during labor, intervention may be required. Contraction frequency generally ranges from two to five contractions per 10 minutes during labor, with lower frequencies seen in the first stage of labor and higher frequencies during the second stage. Duration of contractions remains fairly stable throughout the first and second stages and rarely exceeds 90 seconds. The strength of uterine contractions ranges from 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage and may rise to more than 80 mm Hg in the second stage.
Resting tone averages 10 mm Hg, and if using palpation, the uterus should feel soft. In the first stage of labor, relaxation time is commonly 60 seconds or more, and it is 45 seconds or more in the second stage.
40. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: 383 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic integrity
NOT: Should the FHR respond outside of these evidence-based parameters for uterine activity during labor, intervention may be required. Contraction frequency generally ranges from two to five contractions per 10 minutes during labor, with lower frequencies seen in the first stage of labor and higher frequencies during the second stage. Duration of contractions remains fairly stable throughout the first and second stages and rarely exceeds 90 seconds. The strength of uterine contractions ranges from 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage and may rise to more than 80 mm Hg in the second stage.
Resting tone averages 10 mm Hg, and if using palpation, the uterus should feel soft. In the first stage of labor, relaxation time is commonly 60 seconds or more, and it is 45 seconds or more in the second stage.
41. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: 383 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic integrity
NOT: Should the FHR respond outside of these evidence-based parameters for uterine activity during labor, intervention may be required. Contraction frequency generally ranges from two to five contractions per 10 minutes during labor, with lower frequencies seen in the first stage of labor and higher frequencies during the second stage. Duration of contractions remains fairly stable throughout the first and second stages and rarely exceeds 90 seconds. The strength of uterine contractions ranges from 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage and may rise to more than 80 mm Hg in the second stage.
Resting tone averages 10 mm Hg, and if using palpation, the uterus should feel soft. In the first stage of labor, relaxation time is commonly 60 seconds or more, and it is 45 seconds or more in the second stage.
42. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
REF: 383 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic integrity
NOT: Should the FHR respond outside of these evidence-based parameters for uterine activity during labor, intervention may be required. Contraction frequency generally ranges from two to five contractions per 10 minutes during labor, with lower frequencies seen in the first stage of labor and higher frequencies during the second stage. Duration of contractions remains fairly stable throughout the first and second stages and rarely exceeds 90 seconds. The strength of uterine contractions ranges from 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage and may rise to more than 80 mm Hg in the second stage.
Resting tone averages 10 mm Hg, and if using palpation, the uterus should feel soft. In the first stage of labor, relaxation time is commonly 60 seconds or more, and it is 45 seconds or more in the second stage.
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation REF: 383 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Client Needs: Physiologic integrity
NOT: Should the FHR respond outside of these evidence-based parameters for uterine activity during labor, intervention may be required. Contraction frequency generally ranges from two to five contractions per 10 minutes during labor, with lower frequencies seen in the first stage of labor and higher frequencies during the second stage. Duration of contractions remains fairly stable throughout the first and second stages and rarely exceeds 90 seconds. The strength of uterine contractions ranges from 40 to 70 mm Hg in the first stage and may rise to more than 80 mm Hg in the second stage.
Resting tone averages 10 mm Hg, and if using palpation, the uterus should feel soft. In the first stage of labor, relaxation time is commonly 60 seconds or more, and it is 45 seconds or more in the second stage. [Show Less]