What are the manifestations of pernicious anemias? CORRECT ANSWER - Enlarged, red, sore, shiny tongue
- Digestive discomfort
- nausea
- Diarrhea
-
... [Show More] tingling/ burning sensation
- Ataxia
What is thrombocytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER low platelet count
What is Petechiae? CORRECT ANSWER -Flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin that tends to bleed excessively
Where does thrombocytopenia bleeding commonly occur? CORRECT ANSWER in the mouth
who normally gets thrombocytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER - acute viral infections in children 6 months or younger
- autoimmune reactions in adults
What autoimmune diseases cause thrombocytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Who normally is at risk for chronic thrombocytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER - Adults
- Mainly young women
- HIV patients
What normally puts someone at risk for chronic thrombocytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV infections
- hepatomegaly
- splenomegaly
- Some drugs
What are the characteristics of pernicious anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - Red blood cells have a short life span
- Megaloblasts
What is a megaloblast? CORRECT ANSWER immature nucleated blood cells
What is the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia? CORRECT ANSWER Deficiency of intrinsic factor in gastric secretions resulting in decreased vitamin B12 absorption
What are some interventions that will treat pernicious anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - Oral supplements
- Vitamin B12 injections (replacement therapy)
What are characteristics of the red blood cells in Iron deficiency anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - RBC will be microcytic
- RBC will be hypochromic
- Decreased hemoglobin production
What does microcytic mean? CORRECT ANSWER Small cells
What does hypochromic mean? CORRECT ANSWER Less color
What is the etiology of Iron Deficiency anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - Decrease dietary intake of iron (malnutrition)
- Malabsorption of iron
- blood loss
- Severe liver disease
What treatments can be used to treat Iron Deficiency Anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - Iron supplements
- Iron rich foods
- Treat underlining cause of iron deficiency
What are characteristics of the RBC in Sickle-cell anemia? CORRECT ANSWER -RBC elongate
-RBC harden when O2 levels are low
-RBC turn into a sickle shape
-RBC have short lifespan
What is the etiology of Sickle-cell anemia? CORRECT ANSWER Autosomal recessive inheritance
What is the treatments one can utilize for sickle-cell anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - Use of hydroxyurea
- Dietary supplementation with folic acid (Folate)
- Avoid strenuous activity
- Avoid high altitudes
- Treatment of symptoms
What is the characteristics of RBC in Aplastic anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - RBC are often normal
- RBC tend to by pancytopenia
What is pancytopenia? CORRECT ANSWER decrease in RBC numbers
What causes Aplastic anemia? CORRECT ANSWER Bone marrow damage or failure
How can one treat aplastic anemia? CORRECT ANSWER - treat underlying cause
- removal of bone marrow suppressant drugs
- blood transfusion
- Bone marrow transplantation in younger patients
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Stem cells
What is leukemia? CORRECT ANSWER Undifferentiated immature, unfunctional cells that multiply uncontrollably in bone marrow
causes a large quantity to be released into blood circulation
- infiltrates lymph nodes, liver, brain, and other organs
What is hemophilia A? CORRECT ANSWER A genetic blood-clotting disorder related to a deficit of factor VIII
What is the bleeding time / PT test results in a patient with hemophilia A? CORRECT ANSWER Results are normal
What tests are prolonged times in patients with hemophilia A? CORRECT ANSWER -PTT
-APTT
-Coagulation time
What are the serum levels and factor VIII levels in a patient with hemophilia A? CORRECT ANSWER Results are low
What is orthopnea? CORRECT ANSWER difficulty breathing while lying down
What causes orthopnea? CORRECT ANSWER increase in fluid accumulation in lungs in recumbent positions
How does plague form in atherosclerosis? CORRECT ANSWER - Endothelial injury causes inflammation leading to elevated CRP levels
- WBC and lipids accumulate in the intima and in the muscle layer
- smooth muscle cells begin to multiply
- Plaque forms and inflammation persists
- platelets adhere to arterial wall causes a thrombus to form
- lipids continue to build up / fibrous tissue begins to build up which causes more platelets to adhere
-Platelets release prostaglandin that causes inflammation to worsen
What WBC accumulate during atherosclerosis? CORRECT ANSWER Monocytes
macrophages
What are risk factors associated with atherosclerosis? CORRECT ANSWER -smoking
-obesity
-diabetes
-family history
What are the categories of Angina pectoris? CORRECT ANSWER -Classic (exertional)
-variant
-unstable
what is variant angina? CORRECT ANSWER vasospasm occurring at rest
What is unstable angina? CORRECT ANSWER -prolonged chest pain at rest
-may precede myocardial infarction
What are manifestations of anginas? CORRECT ANSWER - pallor skin color
- diaphoresis
- nausea
- chest pain
- varying severity of pain with attacks
What is the manifestations of right-sided heart failure? CORRECT ANSWER - would show systemic signs and symptoms
-swelling of the ankles
-swelling of lower extremities
What are the manifestations of left-sided heart failure? CORRECT ANSWER -symptoms would be related to lungs (pulmonary symptoms)
- shortness of breath on exertion or laying down
What is hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER High blood pressure consisting over 140/90
What is the three classifications of hyper tension? CORRECT ANSWER Primary (essential) hypertension
Secondary hypertension
malignant (resistant) hypertension
What is primary (essential) hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER - 95% of all cases
- onset usually <55 yrs. old
What is secondary hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER -results from renal or endocrine disease
-can result from pheochromocytoma
What is a malignant hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER A hypertensive emergency with extremely high blood pressure
What is pheochromocytoma? CORRECT ANSWER tumor of the adrenal medulla
What are some manifestations of hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER -Fatigue
-malaise
-Morning headache
-BP constantly above 140/90
What are some interventions with hypertension? CORRECT ANSWER - life style changes
- reduction in salt
- reduce BMI
- increase cardiovascular fitness
What is varicose veins? CORRECT ANSWER --irregular dilated and tortuous areas of superficial or deep veins
-commonly found in lower extremities
What is the cause of varicose veins? CORRECT ANSWER - defect or weakness in the vein walls or valves
- weakness of vein walls from familial history
-trauma
-intravenous administration of fluids
- thrombophlebitis
-standing for long periods of time
-crossing legs
-weight lifting
What are some signs of varicose veins? CORRECT ANSWER -superficial varicosities on legs that appear as irregular, purplish bulging structures
-edema in feet
-fatigue
-aching pain
-shiny, pigmented and hairless skin
What are some treatments of varicose veins? CORRECT ANSWER - keep legs elevated
- supportive stockings
- avoid restrictive clothing
- avoid crossing legs [Show Less]