Study guide for pathophysiology
Chapter 1:
Prokaryotes include cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria, and rickettsiae.
Simple organization, no
... [Show More] organelles, no nuclear membrane, lack of distinct nucleus,
single, circular chromosome.
Eukaryotic cells Animals, plants, protozoa, fungi, most algae, Membrane bound
organelles multiple, structured chromosomes with supercoiled DNA, Well-defined
nucleus, Ability to transport across outer membrane.
*Cellular functions:
Cells become specialized through cellular differentiation, or maturation, to
perform a specific kind of function. Cells with a highly developed function, such as
movement, often lack some other property, such as hormone production, which is
more highly developed in other cells.
Eukaryotic cell
*Plasma membrane proteins and their functions
*The nucleus*
This is involved in cell division and contains our genetic information. Within the
nucleus we find: ---Nucleolus- Dense RNA protein –and ---Histones – DNAbinding proteins, cause coiling.
Functions:
Receptors
Transport channels/carriers
Enzymes
Surface markers
Cell adhesion molecules
(CAMs)
Catalysts
The Nucleus contains loosely arranged chromatin. In the chromatin we have the
DNA. The primary functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic
information
The chromatin aggregates into discrete bands (Chromosomes) during cell division
(Mitosis).
Genetic information is transcribed into ribonucleic acid (RNA), which can be
processed into messenger, transport, and ribosomal RNAs and introduced into the
cytoplasm, where it directs cellular activities. Most of the processing of RNA
occurs in the nucleolus.
*Cytoplasmic organelles*
Ribosomes
Synthesized in nucleus
RNA protein complexes
Functions for cellular protein synthesis
Rough ER
Set of membranes lined with ribosomes
Produce proteins
Sends proteins to Golgi apparatus
Smooth ER
Know chromatin is a condensed form
of the chromosome. Here you also
see the chromatin wrapping around
the histones.
Set of membranes without ribosomes
Produces biochemicals other than proteins
Can transport materials through the cell.
Mitochondria
1. Generates energy (ATP)
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2. Cellular energy metabolism (Contain metabolic machinery needed for
cellular energy metabolism)
Homeostasis
pH control
Osmotic regulation
Golgi complex
Modifies, sorts and stores proteins for secretion
Emits secretory vesicles
Network of smooth membranes and vesicles
This is like the shipping and processing department
Lysosome
Membrane bound packet of digestive enzymes
Phagocytosis of foreign substances
Autophagocytosis of worn out cytoplasm or organelles
Peroxisomes- similar function but contains oxidative enzymes. [Show Less]