NURS 231 Patho Portage Learning
Path 231 exams reviews
Path 231 exams reviews
Exam 1
Question 1
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Persistent metaplasia can
... [Show More] lead to dysplasia.
Correct!
True
False
Question 2
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia.
You Answered
True
Correct Answer
False
Question 3
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a type of dysplasia.
Correct!
True
False
Question 4
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Endometrial hyperplasia is a normal physiologic occurrence.
You Answered
True
Correct Answer
False
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
Match the following:
1. Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease
a. Validity
2. How likely the same result will occur if repeated
b. Reliability
3. How a tool measures what it is intended to measure
c. Sensitivity
4. People without the disease who are negative on a given test
d. Specificity
Correct!
Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease
c. Sensitivity
Correct!
How likely the same result will occur if repeated
Correct!
How a tool measures what it is intended to measure
Correct!
People without the disease who are negative on a given test
Question 6
1.25 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply.
Correct!
It is involved in cellular respiration
You Answered
They are found far from the site of energy consumption
Correct!
They play a role in apoptosis
They control free radicals
Question 7
1.25 / 2.5 pts
Which of the following are true regarding cell communication? Select all that apply.
b. Reliability
a. Validity
d. Specificity
You Answered
Paracrine signaling depends on hormones
Correct!
Neurotransmitters act through synapses
Enzyme linked receptors act through an on-off switch
Correct!
Autocrine signaling releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity
Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following are false of the cell?
Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell.
Correct!
The rough ER is the site for lipid synthesis.
Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures.
Question 9
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Which is true of the cytoskeleton? Select all that apply.
Correct!
It controls shape and movement
Correct!
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions
It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Question 10
1.88 / 2.5 pts
What factors are used by epidemiologic methods? Select all that apply.
Correct!
How disease is spread
Correct!
How to control disease
Correct!
How to prevent disease
Correct!
How to eliminate disease
You Answered
How to treat disease
All of the above
None of the above
Question 11
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
A patient complains of a sore throat and headache. What are these examples of?
Signs
Correct!
Symptoms
Both A & B
Question 12
0 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT helpful to the clinician to make a diagnosis?
You Answered
Detailed history
Physical exam
Correct Answer
Evidence based practice
Laboratory tests
Question 13
0 / 2.5 pts
Multiple Choice
Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following?
You Answered
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Pathogenesis
Correct Answer
Etiologic factors
Question 14
10 / 10 pts
Define primary prevention and give an example:
Your Answer:
when the risk factors has to be remove to stop the disease from occurring
example-eathing healthy / exercising to stay in shape or prevent heart disease.Giving vaccination
to pervent disease in children
The goal of primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring.
Examples include taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to
prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Question 15
10 / 10 pts
Explain apoptosis and why it is necessary:
Your Answer:
apoptosis is the programmed of cell death.this process is necessary for cell dividing because it is
removing unwanted cells to make way for new cell.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This process eliminates cells that are worn out, have
been produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage. Apoptosis is
also responsible for several normal physiologic processes, like replacing cell in the intestinal
villi and removing aging red blood cells.
Question 16
10 / 10 pts
Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis.
Your Answer:
necrosis is when cell dies in an organ/tissues that is still alive .this process can interferes with the
tissue regeneration and how cell can be replace.
one type of necrosis is gengrenouse necrosis which can bowel or the lower extremities that may
causes changes in tussue and it functions
Necrosis refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person. It
often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Coagulative necrosis results
most often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia), particularly the
heart and kidney. Liquefactive necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic
enzymes are not destroyed. It is commonly seen with brain infarcts or abscesses. Caseous
necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and is most often associated with
tuberculosis.
Gangrenous necrosis most often affects the lower extremities or bowel and is secondary to
vascular occlusion. The term gangrene is applied when a considerable mass of tissue
undergoes necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin
wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow.
It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In
wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and
under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by
bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Question 17
9 / 10 pts
Match the type of cell injury to the cause. Some answers may be used more than once. (1 point
each)
1. Sunburn a. Physical agents
2. Obesity b. Radiation injury
3. Reactive oxygen species c. Chemical injury
4. Low oxygen to tissues d. Biologic agents
5. Fractures e. Nutritional imbalances
6. OTC drugs f. Free radical injury
7. Hypothermia g. Hypoxic cell injury
8. Radiation treatment
9. Lead toxicity
10. Bacteria
Correct!
Sunburn
Correct!
Obesity
You Answered
Reactive oxygen species
Correct Answer
f. Free radical injury
Correct!
Low oxygen to tissues
Correct!
Fractures
Correct!
OTC drugs
Correct!
Hypothermia
Correct!
b. Radiation injury
e. Nutritional imbalances
c. Chemical injury
g. Hypoxic cell injury
a. Physical agents
c. Chemical injury
a. Physical agents
Radiation treatment
Correct!
Lead toxicity
Correct!
Bacteria
Question 18
5 / 10 pts
List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each.
Your Answer:
nervours tissue-can be find throughout the body and it's used for communication.
muscle tissue
connective tissue
epithelial-(covers the outer surface of the body and lines the inner surfaces.
Epithelial tissue covers the body’s outer surface, lines the inner surfaces, and forms
glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue has three distinct surfaces and the basal surface is
attached to an underlying basement membrane. It is avascular, meaning without blood
vessels. It receives oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries of the connective tissue on
which it rests.
Connective or supportive tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. It connects and
binds or supports the various tissues. Its cells produce the extracellular matrix that support
and hold tissues together. Connective tissue is divided into two types: connective tissue
proper and specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, and blood cells). The four types of
connective tissue proper are loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissue.
The function of muscle tissue is to move the skeletal structures, pump blood through the
heart, and contract the blood vessels and visceral organs. Muscle tissue can accomplish this
by contraction. The two types of fibers that contract are called thin and thick filaments.
Thin filaments are called actin, and the thick filaments are myosin. The three types of
muscles tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Nervous tissue is distributed throughout the body for communication. It provides the
means for controlling body function and for sensing and moving about the environment.
b. Radiation injury
c. Chemical injury
d. Biologic agents
The two types of cells are neuron and glial cells. Neurons function is communication. Glial
(meaning glue) cells support the neurons.
Question 19
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What term means “cell eating” and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate
matter?
Your Answer:
cell eating is refered to phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Question 20
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What term means “cell drinking,” and engulfs small solid or fluid particles, as seen with proteins
and electrolytes?
Your Answer:
cell drinking is refrered to pinocytosis
Pinocytosis
Question 21
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Give one function of a membrane potential:
Your Answer:
membrane potential can causes music contractions
Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion
Question 22
2.5 / 2.5 pts
What is the term that best describes the following process?
A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane that
would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own.
Your Answer:
Facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Exam 2
Question 1
3 / 3 pts
True/False:
Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not?
Your Answer:
false,because tumor are usually elevated in benign conditions ,and in the early stages of
malignancy they can't be elevated.
False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or
reoccurrence.
Question 2
3 / 3 pts
What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology?
Your Answer:
tissue biopsy because they play a critical role in dignosing the right cancer and histology
tissue biopsy
Question 3
4 / 4 pts
Explain the TNM system:
Your Answer:
is a staging system that was created by AJCC for the help study cancer.It is also very effective in
classifieng cancers tumor componments.
Classification goes as such:
T relates to the local spread of the primary of the tumor and the size
N relates to the involvement of the regional/location of the lymph nodes
M is the extent of the metastatic invilvement
T is the size and local spread of the primary
tumor.
N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes.
M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
Question 4
10 / 10 pts
1. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis:
2. What are two side effects commonly experienced by cancer patients?
Your Answer:
1) Bleeding and weight loss
2) hair loss and sleep disturbances
1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces;
chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible
answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss
2. Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia,
fatigue, sleep disturbances
Question 5
10 / 10 pts
1. What are the three possible goals of cancer treatment?
2. How does radiation kill cancer cells?
Your Answer:
1) the three goal is to curative,control and palliative
2) radiation kill cancer cells by using high energy/waves particles to destroy/damage cancer
cells.However this treatment can sometimes interrupt the cells cycle by killing good cells or
damaging DNA cells
1. Curative, control, palliative
2. Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells.
This leads to the creation of free radicals, which damage cell structures. Radiation can
interrupt the cell cycle process, kill cells, or damage DNA in the cells.
Question 6
2.5 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
True
Correct!
False
False, cell differentiation
Question 7
0 / 2.5 pts
True/False:
Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
Correct Answer
True
You Answered
False
Question 8
2.5 / 2.5 pts
This type of cell remains incompletely differentiated throughout life:
Your Answer:
stem cell
stem cell
Question 9
2.5 / 2.5 pts
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have
lost their ability to divide:
Your Answer:
they are progenitor
progenitor or parent cells
Question 10
4 / 4 pts
What is angiogenesis? Why do tumors need it?
Your Answer:
angiogenesis is the delovement of new blood vessels with a tumor and tumorns need
angiogenesis to grow
development of new blood vessels within the tumor. They need it to continue to grow.
Question 11
3 / 3 pts
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated?
Your Answer:
proto-oncogenes
protooncogenes
Question 12
3 / 3 pts
What is a tumor suppressor gene? Give one example.
Your Answer:
they're gene that are associated with gene underactivity because of this it slows down cell
division or may tell cell when to die.
Tumor suppressor genes are associated with gene underactivity. These genes slow down cell
division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. BRCA1 or 2, TP53
Question 13
10 / 10 pts
A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a uterine
tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain at least 2
differences between a benign and malignant tumor.
Your Answer:
I will tell her not to worry because leiomyoma is a non-cancerous tumor and it can be surgically
remove and to always have a regular doctor visit
two differences between a benign and malignant tumor is that has a well-differentiated cells and
have slow progressive growth rate.Malignant tumor is more aggressive because it destroy
tissue,grows rapidly and spread to other body parts and lacks well defined margins
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor. (Leiomyosarcoma is malignant) Student can add any of the
following: Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin,
and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized
to their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. They develop a rim of connective tissue
around the tumor called a fibrous capsule, which aids in surgical removal. Benign tumors
are less of a threat unless they interfere with vital functions
Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of
the body, and lack well-defined margins. They can compress blood vessels and outgrow
their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue injury. Surgery can be more difficult if it
has spread.
Question 14
10 / 10 pts
A 62-year-old man with a 30-pack year smoking history is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer
with metastasis to the bone. (1) Explain the process of how cancer spreads metastatically. (2)
What symptoms might he have presented with? (3) Which screening test would he have
benefited from?
Your Answer:
1) cancern that are spreads by metastatically is loose from the primary tumor that have
extracellular matrix from the surrounding tumor,or has gain access to the blood vessle which it
can grow and establish a blood supply.
2 some symptoms that may be presented are shortness of breath,chest or bone pain and cough
3) hw benefited from low dose chest CT that could be done yearly
(1) Metastasis- a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the
surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the
bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow,
and establish a blood supply. (2) Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, bone pain. (3)
Yearly low-dose chest CT.
Question 15
1.5 / 3 pts
Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply.
Correct!
Variable rate of growth
Correct!
Spreads by metastasis
Well-differentiated cells
You Answered
Fibrous capsule
Question 16
0 / 3 pts
What are molecular and cellular mechanisms in genes that increase susceptibility to
cancer? Select all that apply.
Correct Answer
Lack of cellular senescence
Correct!
Angiogenesis
You Answered
Ability to undergo apoptosis
Correct!
Mutations in growth factor signaling pathways
You Answered
Intact DNA repair genes
Question 17
4 / 4 pts
List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module.
Your Answer:
1)obesity
2)hormonal factors
3)environmental agents
4) cancer causing viruses
Heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic mechanisms, environmental agents such
as chemicals, radiation, and cancer-causing viruses.
Question 18
10 / 10 pts
List three characteristics of cancer cells and briefly explain what it means:
Your Answer:
cancer cells grow in an altered cell differentiation and growth which can also be called neoplasia
they can have a neoplasm growth where normal tissue lacks regulatory controls
cancer cells also have genetic abnormalities that causes uncontrollble proliferation and can cause
normal call or benign tumors into malignant tumors
Answer: Any of the following
Anaplasia is the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue.
Genetic instability means they have a high frequency of mutations.
Growth factor independence means cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth
factors.
Cell density-dependent inhibition means cancer cell don’t stop growing when they come into
contact with each other.
Cell cohesiveness and adhesion means they don’t stick together.
Anchorage dependence means cancer cells aren’t anchored to neighboring cells or the
underlying matrix to live and grow.
Cell-to-cell communication in cancer cells is poor, which interferes with intercellular
connections and responsiveness to membrane-derived signals.
Life span is unlimited – cancer cells are immortal.
Antigen expression -cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are
immunologically identified as foreign.
Cancer cells can produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances that the tissues of origin
either does not produce or produces in much smaller amounts.
Cancer cells can show cytoskeletal changes or abnormalities. This includes abnormal
intermediate filament types or changes in actin filaments and microtubules that help with
invasion and metastasis.
Question 19
3.5 / 3.5 pts
Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing cancer?
Correct!
Sunscreen
Obesity
HPV
High red meat intake
Question 20
3.5 / 3.5 pts
All of the following viral agents are correctly paired with the associated lesion except:
Human papillomavirus (HPV): genital warts
Correct!
Epstein-Barr virus: carcinoma of the cervix
Epstein Barr is linked to Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. Cervical carcinoma is
linked to HPV.
Hepatitis B virus: hepatocellular carcinoma
Human herpes virus-8: Kaposi sarcoma
Question 21
3 / 3 pts
List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure:
Your Answer:
observation-external genitalia
palpation-lymph nodes
lab test/procedure-pap smear
Observation: skin, mouth, external genitalia
Palpation: breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes
Laboratory tests and procedures: Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography
Exam 3
Question 1
5 / 5 pts
Short answer
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders.
Your Answer:
since there are too many autoimmune disorder,diagnosing is made by serological finding,history
or physical testing.blood testing could have been a good way to test but since some blood are
more generic can be elevated to show other diseases therefore it best go by finding that are listed.
There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations
are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn’t perfect
either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Question 2
2.5 / 2.5 pts
Multiple choice:
Which cell is the first responder to phagocytose a foreign invader? [Show Less]