NUR 631 Final Exam Study Guide - Questions, Answers and Explanations What is the most common type of shock in children? a. Hypovolemic b. Cardiogenic c.
... [Show More] Neurogenic d. Septic What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene? a. Bacteriologic b. Caseous c. Liquefactive d. Gangrenous Exp: Caseous necrosis, which commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. The other types of necrosis are not observed in pulmonary tuberculosis. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing compensatory: a. Atrophy b. Metaplasia c. Hyperplasia d. Dysplasia Exp: Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss. The other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the question. Insulin is used to treat hyper0alemia because it: a. Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium. b. binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys. c. Transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. d. Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, causing it to be no longer effective. Exp: Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium levels by stimulating the N+. potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (K-Atpase) pump, thereby promoting the movement of potassium simultaneously into the liver and muscle cells with glucose transport after eating. The intracellular movement of potassium prevents an acute hyperkalemia related to food intake. The other options do not accurately describe how insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? a. Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin and Vitamin D b. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and Vitamin D c. Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and Vitamin A d. Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and Vitamin A Exp: Three hormones regulate calcium and phosphate balance: parathyroid hormone (PTH) Vitamin D, and calcitonin. Vasopressin, thyroid hormone, and Vitamin A do not influence calcium and phosphate balance A person with 47, XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting in which syndrome? a. Turner b. Klinefelter c. Down d. Fragile X Exp: A disorder in the chromosome (47, XXY karyotype) results in a disorder known as klinefelter syndrome. The correct option is the only one that accurately describes a genetic disorder that exhibits the described genetic configuration. What is the chromosomal variation that causes Klinefelter syndrome? a. Nondisjunction of the X chromosome in the father b. Translocation of the X chromosome in the mother c. Nondisjunction of X chromosome in the mother d. Translocation of the Y chromosome in the father Exp: Nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the mother causes Klinefelter syndrome in the majority of infants, and the frequency of the disorder rises with maternal age. The correct option is the only one that accurately describes the chromosomal variation characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome. A couple has two children diagnosed with an autosomal dominant genetic disease. What is the probability that the next child will have the same genetic disease? a. One sixth b. One fourth c. One third d. One half Exp: Affected heterozygous individuals transmit the trait to approximately one half of their children; however, because gamete transmission is subject to chance fluctuations, it is possible that all or none of the children of an affected parent may have the trait. Nevertheless, when large numbers of matings of this type are studied, the proportion of affected children closely approach one half. When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from: a. Father b. Mother c. Both parents d. Grandparent Exp: In most cases of recessive disease, both parents of affected individuals are heterozygous carriers. Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? a. X-linked dominant b. X-linked recessive c. Autosomal dominant d. Autosomal recessive Exp: The most common lethal autosomal recessive disease in white children, cystic fibrosis, occurs in approximately 1 in 2500 births. The correct option is the only one that accurately identifies the gene type responsible for cystic fibrosis. Which statement is true regarding X-linked recessive conditions? a. Such diseases use males as phenotypical carriers. b. These conditions are passed from affected father to all of his female children. c. 25% of an affected individual's grandsons will be affected. d. Cystic fibrosis is an example of such a condition. Exp: X-linked recessive conditions are passed from an affected father to all of his daughters, who, as phenotypically normal carriers, transmit it to approximately one half of their sons, who are affected. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. What is the risk for the recurrence of autosomal dominant diseases? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50 % d. 70% Exp: The recurrence risk for autosomal dominant diseases is usually 50%. Which is an important criterion for discerning autosomal recessive inheritance? a. Consanguinity is sometimes present. b. Females are affected more than males. c. The disease is observed in both the parents, as well as in the siblings. d. On average, one half of the offspring of the carrier will be affected. Exp: Consanguinity is often an important characteristic of pedigrees for recessive diseases= relatives share a certain proportion of genes received from a common ancestor. The correct option is the only one that accurately identifies a required factor in autosomal recessive genetic inheritance An X-linked recessive disease can skip generations because: a. Females are hemizygous for the X chromosome. b. The disease can be transmitted through female carriers. c. Mothers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons. d. These diseases need only one copy of the gene in females. Exp: Skipped generations are often observed in X-linked recessive disease pedigrees because the gene can be transmitted through female carriers. Males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome. Fathers cannot pass X-linked genes to their sons. X-linked recessive diseases are observed significantly more often in males than in females, because males need only one copy of the gene to express the disease The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women? a. Ovarian b. Lung c. Uterine d. Pancreatic Exp: BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of ovarian cancer among women (20% to 50% life risk ) and BRCA2 mutations also confer an increased risk of ovarian cancer (10% to 20% lifetime prevalence) BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are not currently believed to be linked with risks of lung, uterine, or pancreatic cancers. A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that there is: a. Partial insulin secretion b. An autoimmune cause factor c. Insulin resistance d. Obesity as a common risk factor [Show Less]