EBP TEST 3 REVIEW 1. What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a crosssectional design or a longitudinal design should be
... [Show More] used in a quantitative study? a. Is there an independent variable? b. What is the nature of the problem being studied? c. Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed? d. Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data? B The nature of the research problem determines whether a cross-sectional or longitudinal design should be used. 2. Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate? a. More than one group can be compared. b. Only descriptive data can be measured. c. Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively. d. Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously. A Cross-sectional design allows multiple group comparison. 3. Which type of study should be used when data are collected at only one point in time? a. Cross-sectional b. Retrospective c. Longitudinal d. Prospective A Cross-sectional design is associated with data collection at one point in time. 4. Which types of research designs are considered to be relationship-difference studies? (Select all that apply.) a. Descriptive b. Exploratory c. Correlational d. Developmental e. Comparative f. Cross-sectional C,D,F A correlational study is considered to be a relationship-difference study. A developmental study is considered to be a relationship-difference study. A cross-sectional study is considered to be a relationship-difference study. 5. Which types of research designs are considered to be developmental studies? (Select all that apply.) a. Cross-sectional b. Comparative c. Exploratory d. Longitudinal e. Prospective f. Cohort g. Descriptive A,D,E,F A cross-sectional design is considered to be a developmental study. A longitudinal design is considered to be a developmental study. A prospective design is considered to be a developmental study. A cohort design is considered to be a developmental study.6. A nurse researcher would decide to use a longitudinal or prospective design for which reason? a. It is associated with data that are focused and deep. b. It allows the overall study to be more manageable for the researcher. c. It allows the issue of maturation to be avoided as a threat to internal validity. d. It allows the nurse researcher to avoid the use of tools or instrumentation. A Longitudinal or prospective designs are associated with more in-depth, focused data collection. 7. Data collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer. What type of study design does this exemplify? a. Cross-sectional b. Retrospective c. Longitudinal d. Correlational C Longitudinal design involves data collection from the same group(s) at different points in time. 8. What threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design? a. Instrumentation effects b. Mortality effects c. History effects d. Selection bias B A major disadvantage of longitudinal design is loss of research subjects. 9. What study design allows study participants to serve as their own controls, allowing early trends in the data to emerge? a. Cross-sectional b. Ex post facto c. Retrospective d. Longitudinal D In longitudinal studies, subjects serve as their own controls, and trends in the data can emerge. 10. The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason? a. Each moves forward in time. b. Each has an experimental focus. c. Each is able to establish causal relationships. d. Each selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time. A Longitudinal and prospective designs both move forward in time for data collection. 11.Which method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study? a. Video recording of people-to-people interactions b. Direct participant observation c. Unstructured interview d. Questionnaires D Questionnaires are the best method for a survey study.12.Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design? a. Data analysis is limited with a survey design. b. Information collected is relatively superficial. c. Results are never applicable beyond the study population. d. More subjects are required to reach statistical significance than for other study designs. B Information obtained in a survey tends to be superficial. 13.What can a nurse researcher address in a study using a survey design? (Select all that apply.) a. Interrelationships of variables b. Description of variables c. Assessment of differences between variables d. Determination of causation e. Prediction of treatment outcomes A,B,C Survey design is excellent for exploring interrelationships of variables. Description of variables can be well elicited by survey design. Survey design is helpful in assessing differences between variables. 14.Which types of research designs are considered to be survey studies? (Select all that apply.) a. Descriptive b. Exploratory c. Correlational d. Developmental e. Comparative f. Cross-sectional A,B,E A descriptive study is considered to be a survey design. An exploratory study is considered to be a survey design. A comparative study is considered to be a survey design. 15.What type of research will assist a nurse researcher in focusing on the theory and development of measurement instruments? a. Meta-analysis b. Psychometrics c. Methodology d. Data management B Psychometrics deals with the theory and development of measurement instruments. 16.An experimental design includes: a. Nonrandomization b. A control group c. A convenience sample d. Manipulation of two or more variables 17.Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables? a. A causal relationship can be determined between the variables. b. Greater manipulation of the variables is possible in this type of study. c. Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability.d. There is application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies. D Advantages of correlational studies include their application to clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental designs. 18.Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study? a. It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem. b. Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed and have been determined to be valid and reliable. c. Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs. d. It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable. A A correlational design permits collection of a large amount of data about a problem. 19.How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design? a. Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation. b. Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental designs manipulate the independent variable. c. Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships. d. Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no scientific basis. C Experimental designs seek to establish cause-and-effect relationships by active manipulation of variables (e.g., treatments). 20.The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what? a. Meta-analysis b. Systematic review c. Effect size d. Integrative review A Meta-analysis provides Level I evidence, the highest level of evidence, as it statistically analyzes and integrates the results of many studies. 21.What is the largest repository of meta analyses? What is it ? s Is an international organization that prepares and maintains a body of systemic reviews that focus on health care interventions 22.The only review type that can be labeled meta analysis is the one that reviewed studies using what? A. Human subjects B. Pretest and posttest designs C. Statistical methods D. Quantitative analysis 23.The largest repository of meta analysis is what? A. Agree II B. Cochrane collaborative reviewC. National institutes of health D. Centers for disease control and prevention 24.What is the process of selecting representative units of a population for study in a research investigation? a. Sampling b. Snowballing c. Delimination d. Random assignment A Sampling is the process of selecting representative units of a population for a research study. 25.How should a nurse researcher expect a sample to differ from a population? a. A sample can mean objects or events, whereas population refers to individuals or groups of people. b. A population has a broad set of defining characteristics, and a sample has a narrow set of defining characteristics. c. A population is a representative segment of a defined sample. d. A sample is a representative segment of a defined population. D A sample is a set of elements or segments of a specified population. 26.A nurse researcher has made a generalization on the basis of the experience of a small number of participants. What will the result of this be? a. The small sample will invalidate the hypotheses. b. The researcher will be unable to eliminate his or her bias. c. The data obtained from a small number will inadequately represent the phenomenon. d. The small number of participants will increase the threat to internal validity influenced by history. C A too-small sample may inadequately represent the phenomenon and threaten valid conclusions. 27.Which statement is most accurate regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria? a. These criteria are not needed when the population being studied is composed of events. b. These criteria serve to ensure that the characteristics of the sample and the population are congruent. c. Inclusion criteria are used to define the independent variables, and exclusion criteria are used to define dependent variables. d. Inclusion criteria are used to define the dependent variables, and exclusion criteria are used to define independent variables. B Inclusion and exclusion criteria are designed to keep the population and sample characteristics congruent. 28.A nurse researcher should be concerned about establishing clear eligibility criteria for inclusion in a study sample because such criteria will do what? a. Increase the homogeneity of the sample b. Decrease the homogeneity of the sample c. Increase the size of the sample d. Decrease the size of the sample A Clear eligibility criteria are designed to increase the homogeneity of the sample.29.A nurse researcher should attempt to clearly specify exclusion criteria for a study sample because such criteria will do what? a. Limit the time needed to complete the study b. Reduce the effect of extraneous variables on the accurate evaluation of the outcome variable c. Eliminate the outside influences and inferences regarding the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention d. Ensure that an adequate sample size is accrued to meet assumptions for accurate statistical analysis B Exclusion criteria are designed to control sample characteristics and thereby reduce the potential effect of extraneous variables on the outcome variable. 30.The nurse researcher knows that a sample is representative of a population when which statement is true? a. The sample is homogeneous. b. All units of a population are included. c. The most readily accessible persons are used as subjects. d. The characteristics of the sample closely approximate those of the population. D The foremost criterion in evaluating a sample is its representativeness. 31.A nurse researcher would hesitate to use nonprobability sampling because: a. It will result in reduced or limited generalizability. b. Informed consent must be obtained. c. It will require large, unmanageable sample sizes. d. Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis. A Nonprobability sampling reduces or limits generalizability. 32.Which type of sampling is most at risk for sample bias? a. Quota b. Random c. Purposive d. Convenience D Convenience sampling is most at risk for sample bias. 33.The primary characteristic of a probability sample is considered to be what? a. Self-selection of subjects b. Random selection of the sample c. Subjects handpicked by the researcher d. Representation of proportional segments of the population B The primary characteristic of a probability sample is random selection. 34.A nurse researcher opts to use a stratified sample in a research study for which reason? a. The sample population is divided into subsets that are homogeneous for a particular trait or feature. b. The sample population is divided into subsets for random assignment into an intervention or a usual-care group. c. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary from the others on the basis of type of treatment. d. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary from the others on the basis of treatment duration.A The major characteristic of a stratified sample is that selected subjects represent population subgroups that are homogeneous. 35.The researcher used word of mouth to accrue a sample of participants. This is most accurately referred to as what? a. Referral b. Networking c. Recruitment d. Quasi-probability B Networking is a sampling strategy using word-of-mouth via social networks. 36.The nurse researcher selects matching as a technique in a research study. What does the technique of matching in a sampling strategy contribute to the research? a. Improved overall design of the study b. Elimination of the need for a control group c. Increased equivalency of the comparison group d. Reduced sample size; subjects serve as their own controls C Matching is a special strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison group. 37.The nurse researcher can most accurately determine sample size by considering what? a. The stamina of the researcher in data collection b. The importance of the independent variable c. The age of the potential subjects d. The design of the study D A major factor determining sample size is the type of design used. 38.A nurse researcher can most accurately use the technique of power analysis to do what? a. To estimate sample size b. To establish sampling strata c. To assign subjects randomly d. To analyze sample representativeness A Power analysis is a statistical procedure used to estimate needed sample size. 39.A nurse researcher should be particularly concerned about having a small sample size for which reason? a. There is increased risk of obtaining a nonrepresentative sample. b. There is increased risk of a study subject interacting with another study subject. c. There is increased potential for loss of confidentiality. d. There is increased regression toward the mean. A Small sample sizes tend to increase the risk of a sample being nonrepresentative. 40.A research consumer should evaluate sample size in a research report by doing what? a. By asking how many assistants were involved in data collection b. By asking how representative the sample is relative to the target population c. By asking how great the outcome difference is between or among study groups d. By asking how many previous studies the researcher has conducted on similar topics B A major factor to be evaluated about sample size is how representative of the population the sample is.41.Which statement regarding sample size is most accurate? a. Studies with smaller sample sizes have more accurate results. b. Studies with smaller sample sizes are more likely to be representative of the target population. c. Studies with larger sample sizes have more accurate results. d. Studies with larger sample sizes are more likely to be representative of the target population. D In general, studies with larger sample sizes are more representative of the population. 42.What are types of nonprobability of sampling? (Select all that apply.) a. Purposive b. Quota c. Stratified random d. Multistage (cluster) e. Convenience A,B,E Purposive sampling is a nonprobability type. Quota sampling is a nonprobability type. Convenience sampling is a nonprobability type. 43.The nurse researcher is deciding on a sampling strategy for the research study. Which type(s) of strategies would be considered to be probability sampling strategies? (Select all that apply.) a. Convenience b. Quota c. Simple random d. Cluster e. Purposive f. Stratified random C,D,F This is a probability sampling strategy. 44.The nurse researcher is attempting to develop a purposive sampling strategy as part of a research study. What criteria will be used to determine whether the strategy is purposive? (Select all that apply.) a. Validation of scale with a known-group technique b. Focus of study population relates to specific diagnosis c. Focus of study population relates to broad, general topic d. Effective posttesting of instruments e. Collection of exploratory data f. Collection of descriptive data A,B,E,F This would be a criterion used to determine whether the sampling strategy is purposive. 45.TYPES OF INTERVIEWS a. Focus group interview--an interview with a small group of individuals assembled to answer questions on a given topic b. Semi structured interview--an open-ended interview in which the researcher is guided by a list of specific topics to coverc. Unstructured interview--an interview in which the researcher asks the respondents questions without having a predetermined plan regarding the content or flow of information to be gathered 46.What features identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.) a. A description of how the tool's items were formulated b. A description of the experimental treatment c. A clear definition of how the construct was measured d. A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity e. A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable A,C,D A methodologic study includes formulation of the tool's items. A methodologic study includes a definition of how the construct/concept was measured. A methodologic study is designed to test a new instrument's or tool's validity and reliability. 47.The nurse researcher is conducting a study which requires collection of data regarding blood pressure reading. A. Interrater reliability B. Homogeneity C. Test-retest reliability D. Construct validity 48.Concealment of observational methods--Subjects do not know they are being observed. Used if there is concern that a subject's behavior will change as a result of being observed. Debriefing is used to inform subjects afterwards, allowing them the opportunity to refuse to have their data included in the study 49.Hawthorne effect--observer bias can be overcome with concealment but ethics can be violated with concealment 50.TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF EBP RESEARCH—natural setting (clinic, hospital) and people (where is it conducted and on whom) 51.TWO MOST IMPORTANT THINGS DATA MUST BE—objective and systematic 52.WHEN COLLECTING DATA—must be objective, organized, and consistent 53.OBSERVATION REQUIRES CONSENT 54.TYPE OF STUDY DESIGN FOR INTERVIEW—qualitative study 55.LOOK AT PATIENT RECORDS TO DECIDE FOR TRENDS 56.Systematic Review--- A summation and assessment of a group of quantitative studies that used similar designs based on a focused clinical question. 57.What level of evidence does Meta-analysis provide?--- Level 1 - the highest level of evidence as it statistically analyzes and integrates the results on many studies; Cochrane. 58.Not available in other databases—controlled trial 59.Accessible---feasible, target is the population that the study is meant to study 60.Results section---study’s sample strategy 61.Elderly care for dementia---structured care 62.Observing bullying behavior without alerting the observed---concealment without intervention.63.Two data collectors score pressure ulcers similarly using the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment. This finding indicates what?--- Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was high. 64.A nurse researcher would choose physiological data-collection methods for which reason?--- Data collection of patient body weights. 65.Informed consent includes---right to refuse 66.Observation---includes researcher’s bias 67.Interviews and Questionnaires can reflect---attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. They are also qualitative study designs. 68.Patient records can be used to—view trends over time. 69.Questionnaires—provide evidence to answer questions 70.A nurse researcher is working with students experiencing test anxiety. The nurse has the students take a test while she watches through a two-way mirror. What does this approach incorporate? (Select all that apply.) a. Observation b. Interviewing c. Reactivity d. Structured interviewing e. Concealment [Show Less]