NUR 265 Exam 1
1. What is nephrotic syndrome?
- A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the
... [Show More] membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
2. What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? –
-*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital) *
-Lipid Uria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
3. In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?
- 3.5g in 24 hours
4. What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?
-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
5. Describe the "risk" stage for AKI
- creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
6. Describe the "injury" stage for AKI
- creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
7. Describe the "failure" stage for AKI
- creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Can’t fix)
8. Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.
- Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
9. Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.
- Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
10. Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.
- Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
11. How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
- Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
12. What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
- 65 mmHg
13. What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?
-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
14. During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?
- Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
15. What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?
-Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
16. What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?
-HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
17. What is azotemia?
- Nitrogenous waste build up
18. What are manifestations of uremia?
•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
19. What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system
-HTN
-Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
-Pericarditis
20. What effects can CKD have on the Integumentary system
-Uremic frost [Show Less]