Week 7 : renal and urological disorders
• Questions can include pathophysiology, health assessment (normal and abnormal), and pharmacologic
... [Show More] treatment
• Review required readings, course lectures, case study and learning activity.
Fluid and electrolyte balance- processes in the kidney
Hormones controls reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes
o Antidiuretic hormone
From posterior pituitary; controls reabsorption of water by altering permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
o Aldosterone
Secreted by adrenal cortex; controls sodium reabsorption and water by exchanging Na ions for K or hydrogen ions in distal convoluted
tubule
o Atrial natriuretic hormone
From heart; 3rd hormone controlling fluid balance by reducing Na and fluid reabsorption in kidneys
Renal circulation process
Laboratory testing- purpose and interpretation ; Age related urinary changes ; Conditions/diagnoses associated with urine color changes
Diagnostic test
Urinalysis
o Constituents and characteristics of urine may vary w/ dietary intake, drugs, and care w/ which specimen is handled
o Urine is normally: clear, straw colored and has mild color
o Urine pH is 4.5-8.0
o Appearance
Cloudy indicate presence of large amounts of protein, blood cells or bacteria and pus
Dark color indicate hematuria (blood), excessive bilirubin content or highly concentrated urine
Unpleasant or unusual odor indicate infection or result from certain dietary components or medications
o Abnormal constituents (present in significant quantities)
Blood (hematuria)
small (microscopic) amounts of blood indicates infection, inflammation, or tumors in urinary tract
large numbers of RBC (gross hematuria) indicates increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage in tract
protein (proteinuria, albuminuria)
indicates leakage of albumin or mixed plasma proteins into filtrate d/t inflammation and increased glomerular
permeability
bacteria (bacteriuria) and pus (pyuria)
indicates infection in urinary tract
urinary casts (microscopic sized molds of tubules, consisting of one or more cells (bacteria, protein, and so on))
indicates inflammation of kidney tubules
specific gravity
indicates abi [Show Less]