NUR 2392 / NUR2392 Multidimensional Care II Exam 1 Study Guide. Latest 2021/22.*The exam questions are not limited to only what is listed on this guide,
... [Show More] please refer to your chapter readings and module materials
Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development
● Benign vs. Malignant cells
o Benign tumor cells grow due to hyperplasia
● Seven warning signs of cancer
o CAUTION
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
● Cancer development stages of malignancy
o Initiation:
Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation.
Excessive cell division
o Promotion
Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promoters
● Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and estrogen)
o Progression
Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time
o Metastasis
Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies.
● Cancer classification
o Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise
Solid tumors: associated with the organ where they develop
Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
● Cancer prevention (primary vs. secondary)
o Primary Prevention
Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens
● Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun exposure
● Ex: Eliminate
Modifying associated factors
● Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA development.
● Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol
● Diets high in fat and low in fibers
Removal of “at-risk” tissues
● Ex: Chemoprevention
● Vaccination
o Ex: HPV vaccine
o Secondary Prevention
Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of CA deaths
Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings
● Annual mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+)
● Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men 50+
● Testing for gene mutations
o Ex: BRCA genes
● Types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma)
Ch. 22: Care of Patients with Cancer [Show Less]