What are the functions of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin
... [Show More] D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream
00:04
01:14
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as?
peripheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting?
glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes?
adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
00:02
01:14
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism
Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism
fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
depression. -
muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism
hypertension and hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism
High blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. -
Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
What is myxedema?
severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
What are the causes of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
- after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
- head or neck radiation for cancer
- iodine deficiency
What are the three p's in diabetes?
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders?
Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland.
What is the cause of Cushing syndrome?
Excessive corticosteroids
What is acute gastritis?
Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
What is chronic gastritis?
Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune.
What causes gastritis?
Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown
is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori
What is amenorrhea?
- absence of menstruation
What is metrorrhagia?
- bleeding between periods
What is dysmenorrhea?
- painful periods
Costal vertebral angle (CVA)
angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness
What causes flank pain?
kidney stones
When is enuresis abnormal?
after age 5
People with polycystic kidney disease should do what?
increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly
What is polyuria?
frequent urination
Female Mutilation
risks for uti, trouble urinating
What hormone causes bleeding during menopause?
estrogen
Where does exchange occur in the kidneys?
As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine.
What increases the risk for bladder cancer?
smoking
What is the kidney filtration path?
Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule
What causes increase in glumerial filtration?
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
What is cystitis?
inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching,
What is a hydrocele?
Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis
What are the symptoms of prositis?
pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention
What is renal colic?
kidney stone related pain
What is the bacteria associated with syphilis?
anaerobic spirochetes
What are complications of syphilis?
vascular problems, cardiovascular, aortic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness
What end periods?
anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adenomas and carcinomas
When is RAS activated?
low BP
Treatment for herpes
Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat
symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
dark urine
What causes acromegaly?
excessive GH during adulthood
Primary hypothyroidism levels
low T4, high TSH
Secondary hypothyroidism levels
low T3, T4 and TSH
What is gigantism?
hypersecretion of GH in children
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
What is SIADH?
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion
What is the tumor of the adrenal gland?
Pheochromocytoma
Acromegaly/Gigantism
coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size
Graves disease
unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes [Show Less]