NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2021 / 2022) Rasmussen
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES
... [Show More] RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind,
real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE –
SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO
STAGES – ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION:
ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and
cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors
RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to
homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair
EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of
adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
STRESS IN CHILDREN:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure
MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE,
EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO?
Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision
Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial
contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation;
increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be
synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases
serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and
heightens memory and attention [Show Less]