NUR 2058 DIMENSIONS OF NURSING PRACTICE EXAM #2
CONCEPT GUIDE CHAPTER & HEADING & TOPIC
Chapter 3: Key Concepts Common in Nursing Models
What are the
... [Show More] common concepts common in nursing models? Although nursing models vary in terminology and approach to health care, four concepts are common to almost all of them: client or patient (individual or collective), health, environment, and nursing. Each nursing model has its own specific definition of these terms, but the underlying definitions of the concepts are similar. Why is the client central to all nursing models? The concept of client (or patient) is central to all nursing models because it is the client who is the primary recipient of nursing care.
Chapter 3: Comparison of Selected Nursing Models Table 3.2
Chapter 3: Grand Theories or Models:
At least 15 published nursing models (or theories) are considered grand and are used to direct nursing education and nursing care
Know the following models/theories: Roy Adaption Model: As developed by Sister Callista Roy, the Roy adaptation model of nursing is very closely related to systems theory. The main goal of this model is to allow the client to reach his or her highest level of functioning through the process of adaptation. The output in the Roy adaptation model is the behavior that the client demonstrates as a result of stimuli that are affecting him or her. Roy identifies four internal adaptational activities that clients use, called the four adaptation modes:
1. The physiological mode (using internal physiological process)
2. The self-concept mode (developed throughout life by experience)
3. The role function mode (dependent on the client’s relative place in society)
4. The interdependence mode (indicating how the client relates to others) Orem Self-Care Model: Dorothea E. Orem’s model of nursing is based on the belief that health care is each individual’s own responsibility. The aim of this model is to help clients direct and carry out activities that maintain or improve their health. Orem’s model is also referred to as the self-care deficit model or theory because it focuses on identifying and remediating where the client falls short in his or her self-care. n the Orem model, nursing care is carried out through a three-step process. Step 1 determines whether nursing care is necessary. This step includes a basic assessment of the client and identification of self-care problems and needs. Step 2 determines the appropriate nursing care system category and plans nursing care according to that category. Step 3 provides the indicated nursing care or actions to meet the client’s self-care needs. King Model of Goal Attainment: The King model also notes that nursing must function in all three systems levels found in the environment: personal, interactional, and social. The primary function of nursing is at the personal systems level, where care of the individual is the main focus, Watson Model of Caring: Watson model of human caring defines caring in a detailed and systematic manner. Her main concern in the development of this model was to balance the impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the technological and scientific aspects of practice with the personal and interpersonal elements of care that grow from a humanistic belief in life Johnson Behavioral System Model: model of nursing that considers client behavior to be the key to preventing illness and to restoring health when illness occurs. Johnson holds that human behavior is a type of system in itself that is influenced by input factors from the environment and has output that in turn affects the environment Neumann Health-Care Systems Model: the health-care systems model focuses on the individual and his or her environment and is applicable to a variety of health-care disciplines apart from nursing. Drawing from systems theory, the Neuman model also includes elements from stress theory with an overall holistic view of humanity and health care.1
Chapter 3: Middle-Range Theories and Models
What is a middle-range nursing theory? a set of relatively concrete concepts or propositions that lie between a minor working hypothesis found in everyday nursing practice theories and a well-developed grand nursing theory, like those previously discussed. What is the difference between middle-range theories and grand nursing theory? At least 15 published nursing models (or theories) are considered grand and are used to direct nursing education and nursing care. The nursing models discussed here (Table 3.2) were selected because they are the most widely accepted and are good examples of how the concepts of client, health, environment, and nursing are used to explain and guide nursing actions. Discussion of these theories is not intended to be comprehensive but rather to provide an overview of the main concepts of the nurse theorist. It is important to understand the terms used in the theories as defined by their authors and to see the interrelationship between the elements in each theory as well as the similarities and differences among the various models.
Grand theory is broader and provides an overall framework for structuring ideas. Middle-range theory addresses more narrowly defined phenomena and can be used to suggest an intervention.
Chapter 3: What is a Model?
What is a model? is a hypothetical representation of something that exists in reality What is the purpose of a model? the purpose of a model is to explain a complex reality in a systematic and organized manner that is more easily understood What do models help the nurse do? Although a model tends to be more concrete than a theory, they both help explain and direct nursing actions. This use of a systematic and structured approach is one of the key elements that raises nursing from a task-oriented job to the level of a profession that requires judgment and knowledge to make informed decisions about client care
Chapter 3: Types of Intervention
What are the 3 levels of intervention? Primary, secondary, tertiary intervention What does each level of intervention focus on? primary intervention is to prevent possible symptoms that could be caused by environmental stressors. Teaching clients about stress management, giving immunizations, and encouraging
aerobic exercise to prevent heart disease are examples of primary interventions. secondary intervention is aimed at treating symptoms that have already been produced by stressors. Many of the actions that nurses perform in the hospital or clinic (e.g., giving pain medications or teaching a client with cardiac disease about the benefits of a low-sodium diet) fall into this secondary intervention category. A tertiary intervention seeks to restore the client’s system to an optimal state of balance by adapting to negative environmental stressors. Teaching a client how to care for a colostomy bag at home after discharge from the hospital is an example of a nursing activity at the tertiary level. It occurs after the client has received a secondary intervention and offers support to the client so that he or she can continue to recover or prevent further deterioration in health.
Chapter 3: Positive and Negative Feedback
What is positive and negative feedback? Positive feedback leads to change within the system, with the goal of improving the system. Negative feedback maintains stability—that is, it does not produce change. Negative feedback is not necessarily bad for a system. Rather, when a system has reached its peak level of functioning, negative feedback helps it maintain that level. [Show Less]