NSG 6020 Midterm Exam Study Guide
1. Be familiar with s/s of Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Pulmonary Edema.
Bronchitis
Cough, may be dry
... [Show More] or productive. Acute, often viral, illness generally without fever or dyspnea; at times with burning retrosternal discomfort
Pneumonia
Sputum is mucoid or purulent; may be blood-streaked, diffusely pinkish, or rusty. Acute illness with chills, often high fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Commonly from streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza, moraella catarrhails, klebsiella in alcoholism, especially if underlying smoking, chronic bronchitis and copd, cardiovascular disease, diabetes.
Tuberculosis
Cough, dry, or with mucoid or purulent sputum, may be blood-streaked or bloody. Early= no symptoms. Later= anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and night sweats.
Pulmonary Edema
Pink frothy sputum, dyspnea, orthopnea, difficulty breathing when laying down, waking up at night breathless, rapid weight gain in lower extremities.
2. S/S of Dyspnea
Subjective sense of discomfort or difficulty breathing. Pt’s c/o SOB, chest tightness, or simply difficulty breathing or trying to catch their breath.
3. Changes in Gastrointestinal system in aging adult
During the middle and later years, the abdominal muscles tend to weaken, there is decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase, and fat may accumulate in the lower abdomen and near the hips even when the weight is stable. These changes often produce a softer, more protruding, abdomen which patients may interpret as fluid or evidence of disease. The change in abdominal fat distribution increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Aging can blunt the manifestations of acute abdominal disease. Pain may be less severe, fever is often less pronounced, and signs of peritoneal inflammation, such as guarding and rebound tenderness, may be diminished or even absent.
4. Best technique to assess skin temperature
Skin temperature is best assessed by the dorsal aspects of the hand and fingers. Situations that increase skin temperature include increased blood flow to the skin or underlying structures; thermal or chemical burns; local infections; and generalized, systemic infections and fever. Decreased skin temperature may result from atherosclerosis and shock [Show Less]