The major reason for not crushing a sustained release capsule is that, if crushed, the coated beads of the drugs could possibly result in:
o
... [Show More] Disintegration
o Toxicity
o Malabsorption
o Deterioration
Drugs that have a significant first pass effect:
o Must be given by enteral (oral) route only
o Bypass the hepatic circulation
o Are rapidly metabolized by the liver and may have little if any desired action
o Are converted by the liver to more active in fat-soluble forms
When obtaining a drug history from Harold, he gives you a complete list of his prescription medications. He denies taking any other drugs, but you find that he occasionally takes aspirin for his arthritis flare-ups. This is an example of:
o His appropriately only telling you about his regularly prescribed medications
o His hiding information regarding his inappropriate use of aspirin from you
o His common misconception that intermittently taking OTC medications are not an important part of his drug history
o A common misuse of OTC aspirin
Drugs that use CYP3A4 isoenzymes for metabolism may:
o Induce the metabolism of another drug
o Inhibit the metabolism of another drug
o Both A and B
o Neither A nor B
A twenty-four-year-old male received multiple fractures in a motor vehicle accident that required significant amounts of opioid medication to treat his pain. He is at risk for Type ____ ADR when he no longer requires the opioids.
o A
o C
o E
o G
Infants and young children are at higher risk of ADRs due to:
o Immature renal function in school age children
o Lack of safety and efficacy studies in the pediatric population
o Children's skin being thicker than adults, requiring higher dosages of topical medication
o Infant boys having a higher proportion of muscle mass, leading to a higher volume of distribution
The type of ADR that is the result of an unwanted but otherwise normal pharmacological action of a drug given in the usual therapeutic dose is:
o Type A
o Type B
o Type C
o Type D
A nurse practitioner would prescribe the liquid form of ibuprofen for a six-year-old because:
o Drugs given in liquid form are less irritating to the stomach.
o A six-year-old may have problems swallowing a pill.
o Liquid forms of medication eliminate the concern for first-pass effect.
o Liquid ibuprofen does not have to be dosed as often as tablet form.
The role of the nurse practitioner in the use of herbal medication is to:
o Maintain competence in the prescribing of common herbal remedies.
o Recommend common OTC herbs to patients.
o Educate patients and guide them to appropriate sources of care.
o Encourage patients to not use herbal therapy due to the documented dangers.
Genetic polymorphisms account for differences in metabolism, including:
o Poor metabolizers (PMs) that lack a working enzyme
o Intermediate metabolizers (IMs) that have one working, wild-type allele and one mutant allele
o Extensive metabolizers (EMs), with two normally functioning alleles
o All of the above
The elderly are at high risk of ADRs due to:
o Having greater muscle mass than younger adults, leading to higher volume of distribution
o The extensive studies that have been conducted on drug safety in this age group
o The blood-brain barrier being less permeable, requiring higher doses to achieve therapeutic effect
o Age-related decrease in renal function
Which of the following factors may adversely affect a patient's adherence to a therapeutic drug regimen?
o Complexity of the drug regimen
o Patient's perception of the potential adverse effects of the drugs
o Both A and B
o Neither A nor B
The first step in the prescribing process according to the World Health Organization is:
o Choosing the treatment
o Educating the patient about the medication
o Diagnosing the patient's problem
o Starting the treatment
Patients with psychiatric illnesses have adherence rates to their drug regimen between 35% and 60%. To improve adherence in this population, prescribe drugs:
o With a longer half-life so that missed doses produce a longer taper on the drug curve
o In oral formulations that are more easily taken
o That do not require frequent monitoring
o Combined with patient education about the need to adhere even when symptoms are absent
An advantage of prescribing a sublingual medication is that the medication is:
o Absorbed rapidly
o Excreted rapidly
o Metabolized minimally
o Distributed equally
The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50% is called:
o Steady state
o Half-life
o Phase II metabolism
o Reduced bioavailability time
A patient may develop neutropenia from using topical Silvadene for burns. Neutropenia is:
o A cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
o An immune complex hypersensitivity
o An immediate hypersensitivity reaction
o A delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Steady state is:
o The point on the drug concentration curve when absorption exceeds excretion
o When the amount of drug in the body remains constant
o When the amount of drug in the body stays below the minimum toxic concentration (MTC)
o All of the above [Show Less]