What are the categorical variables? - Nominal and ordinal
What are the continuous variables? - Interval and ratio
What are the levels of
... [Show More] measurement? - Categorical and Continuous variables
What is Nominal? - Lowest level
Organized in CATEGORIES
Cannot be compared and are mutually exclusive
Ex: gender, ethnicity, marital status, diagnosis
What is the order of the levels of measurement? - Nominal, ordinal, interval then ratio (top)
What is Ordinal? - Organized in categories
Can be compared (ranked)
Mutually exclusive
Unequal intervals
ex: mild, moderate or severe pain OR income is low, middle or high
What is Interval? - Equal numerical distances between intervals
Exclusive
Continuum value
DOES NOT HAVE ABSOLUTE ZERO
ex: temperature, standardized testing
What are categorical variables used for? - To describe
What is ratio? - *Highest level*
Exclusive
Ordered
Equally spaced interval
Continuum wave
DOES HAVE ABSOLUTE ZERO
ex: weight, height, volume
What is mode?
What is it used with? - Value that occurs most frequently
Used with Nominal data
What is median?
What is it used with? - Exact center of frequency distribution
Used with Ordinal data
Not affected by extreme scores
What is mean?
What is it used with? - Sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed
Used with Interval or Nominal data
What are the measures of central tendency? - Mean, median, mode
Measures of variability provide the reader about? - Spread of scores and tells us how well the central tendency represents the "average"
What common statistics are used to measure variability? - Range and standard deviation
What is range? - Difference between the largest and smallest
Impacted by extremes
How is standard deviation used to measure variability? - Uses all values in data set this is the MOST ACCURATE
Standard deviation and mean should always be reported together
What is the Pearson/Spearman Correlation? - Provides both *direction* and *strength* of the relationship
What is a positive relationship in the Pearson/Spearman Correlation? - One variable increases so does the other
What is a negative relationship in the Pearson/Spearman Correlation? - One variable increases, the other decreases
How do we evaluate relationships? - Pearson/Spearman Correlation
What are some test we can use to explore differences between groups? - T-tests (two groups)
One-way analysis of variance (similar to T-tests, but more than two groups)
Two-way ANOVA
Multivariable analysis of variance (MANOVA)
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
What is a Level of Significance? - Criterion used for calculating statistical significance
5% (0.05) (5 chances in 100 of "being wrong")
If a researcher is willing to incorrectly reject null hypothesis 5% of the time, he selects a level of significance of 0.05
What does a P value of 0.05 mean? - The results are NOT significant and "accept" null hypothesis
What does a P value of < 0.05 mean? - The results are SIGNIFICANT and rejects the null hypothesis
True or False:
A P value less than 0.05 is significant and rejects the null hypothesis - True
We want this to be less than 0.05 [Show Less]