How does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) affect the amygdala? - Answer- inhibits and activates the amygdala
Wernicke's area is associated with which of
... [Show More] the following? - Answer- speech comprehension
The limbic system is associated with which of the following - Answer- emotion and learning
Which brain structure is most associated with long term memory? - Answer- hippocampus
When prescribing psychotropic medications, the PMHNP knows that these medications work within which specific areas? - Answer- mood
Which of the following are involved in regulating neurotransmission via excitation-secretion coupling? - Answer- voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels
What system influences the length of time for a drug to achieve efficacy? - Answer- signal transduction cascades
One of the signal transduction cascades, pass the message from a first receptor to a second messenger. - Answer- G protein linked systems
Human central nervous system communication at synapses is which of the following? - Answer- chemical
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter? - Answer- glutamate
Which statement correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? - Answer- antagonist effect - drug binds to receptor, but does not activate a response
A major current hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia proposes that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be which of the following?
Correct! - Answer- hypofunctional
Which medication is least associated with weight gain? - Answer- aripiprazole
Which dopamine pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - Answer- mesolimbic pathway
Which pathway is associated with negative symptoms? - Answer- The mesocortical pathway
Is part of the extrapyramidal nervous system and associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) - Answer- nigrostriatal pathway
This pathway is associated with hyperprolactinemia. - Answer- The tuberoinfundibular pathway
A 34-year old male recently began experiencing breast secretions while receiving risperidone . Which dopamine pathway is associated with this side effect? - Answer- tuberoinfundibular pathway
A 44-year-old woman is initiated on an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Regarding affinity, atypical antipsychotics demonstrate which of the following most often? - Answer- Atypical antipsychotics have equal positive symptom antipsychotic actions and low extrapyramidal symptoms.
is a syndrome that can be associated with several different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and distortions of reality. This syndrome can affect a person's cognition, affective response, communication, capacity to recognize reality, and ability to relate to others. - Answer- psychosis
What Diagnosis require the presence of psychosis? - Answer- schizophrenia
substance-induced psychotic disorders
schizophreniform disorder
schizoaffecive disorder
delusional disorder
brief psychotic disorder
psychotic disorder due to a medical condition
What diagnosis has a diagnosis of psychosis as a feature? - Answer- mania
depression
cognitive disorders
dementia
What are some positive symptoms? - Answer- Hallucinations
Delusions
Thought disorder
Hostility
Excitability
What are some Negative symptoms? - Answer- Affective flattening
Alogia
Anhedonia
Amotivation
Asociality
What area of the brain is associated with negative and affective symptoms? - Answer- Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex:
What area of the brain is associated with cognitive symptoms? - Answer- Dorsolateral
What area of the brain is associated with aggressive, impulsive symptoms? - Answer- Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala
Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway. Improves Positive Symptoms
Use: Acute & Chronic Schizophrenia & Psychosis - Answer- First generation antipsychotics
are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions - Answer- Frontal Lobes
responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects - Answer- Parietal Lobe (Middle Brain)
Damage to the anterior portion may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents - Answer- parietal Lobe
and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. - Answer- Temporal Lobe
Disorders from this lobe include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - Answer- Temporal Lobe
controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. - Answer- Occipital Lobe
This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - Answer- Central sulcus
This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. - Answer- corpus callosum
This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short-term to long-term memory. - Answer- Hippocampus
This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to this structure. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones - Answer- Amygdala
This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through the thalamus, which is responsible for processing all external information - Answer- Thalamus
A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. Movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. - Answer- Basal ganglia
This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure - Answer- Dorsal striatum
This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - Answer- Nucleus accumbens
This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - Answer- Limbic system
Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. - Answer- Frontal lobe
Associated with speech - Answer- Brocas area
Involves object identification and auditory signals - Answer- Temporal lobe
Involved in Coordination - Answer- cerebellum
Involved in Speech comprehension - Answer- Wernicke's area
Primary visual area - Answer- Occipital Lobe
Keeps us alert to what is going on around us - Answer- Parietal lobe
Involved in the reward process. - Answer- Nucleus accumbens
Involved in sensory organ and motor command processing - Answer- thalamus [Show Less]