What type of fracture is prevalent in osteoporosis? - ✔✔ Vertebral compression fractures
What is a screening test for osteoporosis? - ✔✔
... [Show More] Bone density test
Transchondral fractures - ✔✔ a fracture of the articular surface of a bone, produced by a force transmitted from the articular surface of a contiguous bone across the joint and through the articular cartilage to the subchondral trabeculae of the fractured bone
Gout: the main cause of pain - ✔✔ The formation of urticaria acid crystals in the joints
Pathological features of degenerative joint disease - ✔✔ Nonneoplastic disorder of progressive erosion of articular cartilage associated with aging, trauma, occupational injury
Osteomalacia - ✔✔ softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium
Epicondylopathy - ✔✔ a pain syndrome of the lateral and medial segments of the elbow joint, is one of the more prominent joint pain syndromes. The occurrence of pain in the periarticular tissues, often referred to as periarthritis, is a frequent cause of major limitations on the patient's limb mobility. Usually caused by overuse.
Hip fractures secondary to osteomyelitis - ✔✔ Infection of the bone can lead to loss of blood supply to the bone, which will lead to eventual bone death.
Diagnosing rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔ Creatine kinase, which is an enzyme found in the skeletal muscles, the brain, and the heart
Myoglobin in blood and urine, which is a protein that's a byproduct of muscle breakdown
Potassium, which is another important mineral that may leak from injured bone and muscles
Creatinine in blood and urine, which is a breakdown product created by muscle that's normally removed from the body by the kidneys
Reflux esophagitis - ✔✔ Reflux esophagitis is usually due to a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach contents like acids, frequently back up into the esophagus.
Characteristics of gastric ulcers - ✔✔ Pain areas: in the chest or upper abdomen
Pain types: can be dull
Gastrointestinal: heartburn, indigestion, nausea, passing excessive amounts of gas, or vomiting
Also common: abdominal discomfort or fatigue
Causes of elevated liver function tests - ✔✔ Over-the-counter pain medications, particularly acetaminophen (Tylenol, others)
Certain prescription medications, including statin drugs used to control cholesterol
Drinking alcohol
Heart failure
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Obesity
Alcoholic hepatitis (severe liver inflammation caused by excessive alcohol consumption)
Autoimmune hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by an autoimmune disorder)
Celiac disease (small intestine damage caused by gluten)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Epstein-Barr virus
Hemochromatosis (too much iron stored in your body)
Liver cancer
Mononucleosis
Polymyositis (inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness)
Sepsis (an overwhelming bloodstream infection that uses up neutrophils faster than they can be produced)
Thyroid disorders
Toxic hepatitis (liver inflammation caused by drugs or toxins)
Wilson's disease (too much copper stored in your body)
Bulimia nervosa - ✔✔ an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting
Anorexia nervosa - ✔✔ An eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat
Interpretation of Hepatitis B vaccine serological markers - ✔✔ Different serologic "markers" or combinations of markers are used to identify different phases of HBV infection and to determine whether a patient has acute or chronic HBV infection, is immune to HBV as a result of prior infection or vaccination, or is susceptible to infection.
HBsAg: Negative
anti-HBc: Negative
anti-HBs: Negative - ✔✔ Susceptible
HBsAg: Negative
anti-HBc: Positive
anti-HBs: Positive - ✔✔ Immune due to natural infection
HBsAg: Negative
anti-HBc: Negative
anti-HBs: Positive - ✔✔ Immune due to hepatitis B vaccination [Show Less]