NR503 NGN FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023-2024
GRADED A
Week 5 (Ch. 2)
1. Discriminate populations at risk for development of chronic health
conditions
... [Show More] while associating the role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in
levels of promotion.
Common risk factors: unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use
Childhood risk: There is now extensive evidence from many countries that
conditions before birth and in early childhood influence health in adult life. For
example, low birth weight is now known to be associated with increased rates of
high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke and diabetes.
Risk accumulation: Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of
modifiable risks for chronic disease: the impact of risk factors increases over the
life course.
Underlying determinants: The underlying determinants of chronic diseases are a
reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change –
globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and the general policy environment.
Poverty: Chronic diseases and poverty are interconnected in a vicious circle. At the
same time, poverty and worsening of already existing poverty are caused by
chronic diseases. The poor are more vulnerable for several reasons, including
greater exposure to risks and decreased access to health services. Psychosocial
stress also plays a role.
Preventative health actions are often categorized in three levels:
• Primary prevention - aims to prevent disease or injury
before it ever occurs.
▪ This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease
or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to
disease or injury, and increasing resistance to
disease or injury should exposure occur.
▪ Nurses play the part of educators that offer information and
counseling to communities and populations that encourage
positive health behaviors ▪ Examples include:
• legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of
hazardous products (e.g. asbestos) or to mandate safe and
healthy practices (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets)
• education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. eating well,
exercising regularly, not smoking)
• immunization against infectious diseases.
• Secondary prevention - aims to reduce the impact of a
disease or injury that has already occurred
▪ This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as
possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal
strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing
programs to return people to their original health and function to
prevent long-term problems.
▪ Nurses work with these patients to reduce and manage
controllable risks, modifying the individuals’ lifestyle choices
and using early detection methods to catch diseases in their
beginning stages when treatment may be more effective.
▪ Examples include:
• regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its
earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer)
• daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs
to prevent further heart attacks or stroke [Show Less]