NR283 Exam 2 Study Guide Questions And Answers 2022
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What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? - ANS- Is a life-threatening
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condition that involves both excessive bleeding and excessive clotting. Clotting
factors are reduced to dangerous levels. Widespread, uncontrollable hemorrhage
results. Very poor Prognosis, with a high fatality rate.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) signs and symptoms - ANS- • A low
plasma fibrinogen level is present.
• Thrombocytopenia occurs.
• Prolonged bleeding time, and thrombin time are noted.
• Accompanying the hemorrhage are the effects of low blood pressure or shock.
• Multiple bleeding sites are common.
• Petechiae or ecchymoses may be present on the skin or mucosa.
• Mucosal bleeding is common, and hematuria may develop
• Vascular occlusions are frequently present in small blood vessels but occasionally
affect the large vessels as well, causing infarcts in the brain or other organs.
• Respiratory impairment is evident as difficulty in breathing and cyanosis.
• Neurologic effects include seizures and decreased responsiveness.
• Acute renal failure with oliguria often accompanies shock.
What is infective endocarditis? - ANS- Typically caused by strep or staph infection.
Low-grade fever or fatigue. Anorexia, splenomegaly, congestive heart failure in
severe cases.
Infective Endocarditis (IE) signs and symptoms - ANS- • Anorexia
• Splenomegaly
• Osler nodes (painful red nodules on the fingers) are often present.
• Septic emboli from the vegetations that cause vascular occlusion or infection and
abscesses in other areas of the body will result in additional manifestations
depending on the location of the secondary problem
• Release of bacteria into the blood may lead to intermittent increased fever.
• Congestive heart failure develops in severe cases.
Acute endocarditis has a sudden, marked onset:
• With spiking fever
• Chills
• Drowsiness
• Heart valves are badly damaged causing severe impairment of heart function
Infective Endocarditis (IE) diagnostic labs - ANS- echocardiogram
What is acute rheumatic fever? - ANS- Acute stage—inflammation of the heart
Acute Rheumatic Fever signs and symptoms - ANS- • Low-grade fever
• Leukocytosis
• Malaise
• Anorexia, and fatigue
• Tachycardia
• Heart murmurs
• Epistaxis and abdominal pain may be present
Acute Rheumatic Fever treatments - ANS- Antibacterial agents such as penicillin V
may be administered to eradicate any residual infection and prevent additional
infection.
Any future streptococcal infection should be promptly treated. Anti-inflammatory
agents such as ASA or corticosteroids (prednisone) may be given.
Acute Rheumatic Fever diagnostics labs - ANS- Elevated serum antibody levels
remain after the infection has been eradicated. Leukocytosis and anemia are
common. Heart function tests, may be required. Characteristic ECG changes
develop.
What signs and symptoms may be present in a patient with excessive blood loss? -
ANS- • Abnormal Pain
• Blood in the stool
• Black, tarry stool
• Blood in the urine
• Vomiting blood
• Chest Pain
• Abdominal Swelling
What is pernicious anemia? - ANS- Is a rare blood disorder characterized by the
inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12, this is essential for the
development of red blood cells.
Pernicious Anemia signs and symptoms - ANS- • The tongue is typically enlarged,
red, sore, and shiny.
• The decrease in gastric acid leads to digestive discomfort, often with nausea and
diarrhea.
• The neurologic effects include tingling or burning sensations in the extremities or
loss of muscle control/coordination, referred to as ataxia.
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid Heart Rate
• loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
Pernicious Anemia treatment - ANS- Vitamin B12 injections
Pernicious Anemia diagnostics labs - ANS- • The erythrocytes appear macrocytic or
megaloblastic and nucleated on microscopic examination and are reduced in number
in the peripheral blood.
• The bone marrow is hyperactive, with increased numbers of megaloblasts.
Granulocytes are hype segmented and are decreased in number.
• The vitamin B12 level in the serum is below normal. In the Schilling test, an oral
dose of radioactive vitamin B12 is used to measure absorption.
• The presence of hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria confirms the presence of gastric
atrophy.
What is angina pectoris? - ANS- chest pain when there's a deficit of oxygen to meet
myocardial needs and the heart muscle can't function normal
Angina Pectoris signs and symptoms - ANS- Burning, squeezing and tightness in the
chest;
women may have abdominal and back pain; precursor to an MI
Angina Pectoris treatment - ANS- • Rest, stop activity
• Sit patient down in upright position
• Administration of nitroglycerin- sublingual
• check pulse and respiration
• administer oxygen (if needed)
• if patient is known to have angina= give second dose of nitroglycerin
• if patient has no history of angina= emergency medical aid
Angina Pectoris diagnostic labs - ANS- • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Stress test w/o imaging or blood tests
• Chest X-ray, Chest CT, coronary CT angiography, cardiac MRI, coronary
angiography, echocardiogram or stress test w/ imaging
What is congestive heart failure? - ANS- heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood
to meet metabolic demands of the body
Congestive Heart Failure signs and symptoms - ANS- • decreased blood supply to
tissues, general hypoxia
• fatigue and weakness
• dyspnea/ shortness of breath
• tachycardia(heart pumps faster)
• daytime oliguria(amount of peeing)
Congestive Heart Failure treatment - ANS- • eat less salt, limit fluid intake,
prescription medication, defibrillator or pacemaker
• exercise, weight loss, stop smoking, low sodium diet
• cardiac resynchronization therapy
• medications(diuretic, Beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, etc)
• surgery(coronary artery bypass surgery)
Congestive Heart Failure diagnostic labs - ANS- • EKG/ECG/stress test
• echocardiogram
• CT scan
• MRI scan
• PET scan
• Biopsy or catheterization of the heart and arteries
What is pediculosis capitis? - ANS- is a common condition caused by infestation of
the hair and scalp by Pediculus humanus capitis (the head lice/louse)
Pediculosis Capitis signs and symptoms - ANS- pruritic area, reddened area, swollen
(edematous) area, area covered with small vesicles and may be painful
Pediculosis Capitis treatment - ANS- removal of the irritant as soon as possible and
reduction of the inflammation with topical glucocorticoid
Pediculosis Capitis diagnostic labs - ANS- There isn't a test but Patch testing can be
helpful in determining if you're allergic to a specific substance
What is squamous cell carcinoma? - ANS- is Painless, malignant tumor of the
epidermis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma signs and symptoms - ANS- development of scaly,
slightly elevated, reddish lesion, irregular border around the lesion, central
ulceration, and the tumor grows relatively slowly in all directions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma treatment - ANS- surgical removal and radiation plus
chemotherapy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma diagnostic labs - ANS- Skin Exam, Biopsy, Shave
Biopsy, Punch Biopsy, Incisional Biopsy, Excisional Biopsy, Computed Tomography
(CT) Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What is psoriasis? - ANS- Chronic inflammatory skin disorder
Psoriasis signs and treatments - ANS- • Red patches of skin covered with silvery
scales
• Small scaling spots (commonly seen in children)
• Dry, cracked skin that may bleed
• Itching, burning, or soreness
• Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails
• Swollen and stiff joints
Psoriasis treatment - ANS- • Glucocorticoids
• Tar preparations
• Antimetabolic methotrexate
• In severe cases exposure to sunlight is often part of treatment
What is tinea pedis? - ANS- Tinea pedis is Athlete's foot—involves the feet,
particularly the toes... [Show Less]