Suspicious breast mass Correct Answer- -A mobile mass that becomes fixed when the arm relaxes is
attached to the ribs and intercostal muscles; if fixed
... [Show More] when the hand is pressed against the hip, it is
attached to the pectoral fascia.
-Hard irregular poorly circumscribed nodules, fixed to the skin or underlying tissues, strongly suggest
cancer
Risk for Breast cancer Correct Answer- --*Age*
-family history of breast/ovarian CA
- inherited genetic mutations,
-personal history of breast cancer
- high levels of endogenous hormones
- breast tissue density
- proliferative lesions with atypia on breast biopsy, - duration of unopposed estrogen exposure related
to early menarche
-age of first full-term pregnancy
- late menopause.
- breastfeeding for less than 1 year,
- postmenopausal obesity
-cigarette smoking, alcohol ingestion,
- physical inactivity, and type of contraception.
Characteristics of a breast cyst Correct Answer- Soft to firm, round, mobile, often tender.
The best way to examine the lateral portion of the breast Correct Answer- -Have pt roll onto the
opposite hip
-place her hand on her forehead.
- keep shoulders pressed against the bed-palpate in the axilla, moving in a straight line down to the bra line, then move the fingers medially and
palpate in a vertical strip up the chest to the clavicle. Continue in vertical overlapping strips until you
reach the nipple
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Correct Answer- -Caused by overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (often from sex)
- Discharge: Gray or white, thin, homogenous, malodorous, coats the vaginal walls, usually not profuse,
may be minimal
- Fishy/musty genital odor
-Normal vulva and vaginal mucosa
-Scan saline wet mount for clue cells (epithelial cells with stippled borders); sniff for fishy odor after
applying KOH ("whiff test"); test the vaginal secretions for pH > 4.5
Candidal Vaginitis Correct Answer- -Cause: Candida albicans, a yeast (normal overgrowth of vaginal
flora); many factors predispose, including antibiotic therapy
-Discharge: white and curdy, may be thin but usually thick, not as profuse as trichomonal infection, not
malodorous
- vaginal soreness, pruritus, pain on urination, dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
-The vulva and surrounding skin are inflamed and sometimes swollen to a variable extent; the vaginal
mucosa is reddened, with white tenacious patches of discharge; the mucosa may bleed when these
patches are scraped off; in mild cases, the mucosa looks normal
-Scan potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation for the branching hyphae of Candida
Trichomonal Vaginitis Correct Answer- -Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan; often but not always
acquired sexually
- Discharge:Yellowish green or gray, possibly frothy; often profuse and pooled in the vaginal fornix; may
be malodorous
-Pruritus (though not usually as severe as with Candida
infection); pain on urination (from skin inflammation or possibly urethritis); dyspareunia
-Vestibule and labia minora may be erythematous; the vaginal mucosa may be diffusely reddened, with
small red granular spots or petechiae in the posterior fornix; in mild cases, the mucosa looks normal
- Scan saline wet mount for trichomonadsSyphillis Correct Answer- This ulcerated papule with an indurated edge usually appears after 3 to 6
weeks of incubating infection from the spirochete Treponema pallidum. These lesions may resemble a
carcinoma or crusted cold sore. Similar primary lesions are common in the pharynx, anus, and vagina but
may escape detection since they are painless, nonsuppurative, and usually heal spontaneously in 3 to 6
weeks. Wear gloves during palpation since these chancres are infectious.
s/s of epididymitis Correct Answer- Acute: swollen, and notably tender, making it difficult to distinguish
from the testis. The scrotum may be reddened and the vas deferens inflamed.
Chronic: firm enlargement of the epididymis, which is sometimes tender, with thickening or beading of
the vas deferens.
Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata) Correct Answer- -Single or multiple papules or plaques of
variable shapes; may be round, acuminate (pointed), or thin and slender. May be raised, flat, or
cauliflower-like (verrucous).
-Causative organism: HPV, usually subtypes 6, 11; carcinogenic subtypes rare, approximately 5-10% of all
anogenital warts. Incubation: weeks to months; infected contact may have no visible warts.
-Can arise on penis, scrotum, groin, thighs, anus; usually asymptomatic, occasionally cause itching and
pain.
-May disappear without treatment.
Risk for prostate CA Correct Answer- Age, ethnicity, and family history are the strongest risk factors for
prostate cancer.
s/s prostatitis Correct Answer- -fever
-frequency, urgency, dysuria, incomplete voiding, [Show Less]