NR 506 LEIK EXAM TIPS
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LEIK EXAM TIPS
Health Screening and Health Promotion
US Health Statistics/Mortality Statistics
Leading cause of
... [Show More] death (all ages/genders):
1. Heart disease (or diseases of the heart)
2. Cancer (or malignant neoplasms)
3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
Leading Cause of Cancer Death
1. Lung Cancer for both men and woman
2. Men – prostate & Woman- Breast
3. Colorectal Cancer for both men and woman
Leading Cause of Death in Adolescents (^ in males than females)
1. Accidents /Unintentional Injuries
2. Suicide
3. Homicide
Leading Cause of Death by Age Group
Birth to 12 months:
Congenital malformations (20.3%)
Ages 1 to 44 years:
Unintentional injuries
Ages 45 to 64 years:
Cancer (30.9%)
Ages 65 and older:
Heart disease (25.6%)
Average Life Expectancy: 78.8 years of life
Cancer Statistics
Most Common Cancer: skin cancer
Most Common type of skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma and Melanoma causes the majority of
skin cancer related deaths.
Most Common Cancer by Gender
Men – Prostate cancer (there are more cases of prostate cancer, however lung cancer is
still the highest mortality cancer associated to males).
Females- Breast Cancer (there are more cases of breast cancer, however lung cancer is
still the highest mortality cancer associated to females).
Most Common Cancer among all children: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (34% of all cancers
in children).
Sensitivity vs. Specificity
Sensitivity: is a good way of detecting those people who have the disease (i.e. true
positive).
Specificity: is a good way of detecting those people without the disease (i.e. true
negative).
Top Three Cancers in Children
Leukemia (34%)
Brain and nervous system tumors (27%)
Neuroblastoma (7%)
Health Promotion
Aspirin Use to prevent Cardiovascular Disease or Colorectal Cancer
Begin at age 50-59 with =/> 10 % risk for cardiovascular disease (ASCVD score)
Breast Cancer
Risk factors
o age 50 or greater,
o previous hx of breast CA,
o two or more first * relatives
o nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause (longer exposure to estrogen)
o Obesity (adipose cells can synthesize small amounts of estrogen)
Baseline mammogram starts at 50 years of age
Repeat every 2 years from ages 50-74 years of age
NOTE: Does NOT apply to those individuals with known genetic mutations (BRCA1 or 2),
familial breast cancer history, history of chest radiation at a young age or previously diagnosed
with high risk breast lesions, who may benefit from starting screenings at age 40. So, essentially
if at high risk start screenings at age 40-49.
Cervical Cancer
Risk factors
o Multiple sexual partners
o Younger age onset of sex
o Immunosuppressed and/ or smoking individuals.
Age Group Recommendations for Pap/Liquid Cytology
Age 20 years or younger Do not screen (even if sexually active with multiple partners).Age 21 to 65 years Baseline at age 21 years. Screen every 3 years.
Age 30 to 65 years Another option starting at age 30 years is to screen with
combination of cytology
plus human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years.
Had hysterectomy with removal of cervix If hysterectomy with cervical removal was not due to cervicalneoplasia (CIN grade 2) or cerv [Show Less]