NR-291 Pharmacology I Effects of the Peripheral Vascular System
• Cholinergic – Parasympathetic
... [Show More] Nervous System (feed and breed; rest and digest)
o Cholinergic effects (SLUD)
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation
o Anticholinergic effects (Mad as a Hatter)
Hyperthermia, blindness, confused, dry mouth, urinary retention, shaking, grabbing invisible objects, tachycardia, absent bowel sounds, flushed skin, mydriasis
• Adrenergic – Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)
o Alpha effects
Vasoconstriction (treat hypotension), CNS stimulation, relaxation of GI smooth muscles (decreased motility), constriction of bladder sphincter, contraction of pupillary muscles of the eye (dilated pupils), contraction of uterus, male ejaculation
o Beta1 and Beta2 effects
1 – increased force of contraction (positive inotropic effect). Increased HR (positive chronotropic effect), increased conduction through AV node (positive dromotropic effect)
2 – bronchodilation (relaxation of the bronchi), glycogenolysis in the liver, increased renin secretion in the kidneys, relaxation of GI smooth muscles (decreased motility), uterine relaxation, inhibits histamine release from mast cells, increases intraocular pressure
o Dopaminergic effects
Vasodilation (resulting in increased blood flow) to: renal (diuresis), mesenteric, coronary (increase CO and contractility without increasing HR), cerebral
Chapter 36: Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants
• Know and apply pharmacology treatment for the common cold
o Combination use of: antihistamines, nasal decongestants, antitussives, expectorants
o Treatment is symptomatic only, not curative
o Treatment is empiric therapy
• Antihistamines (-dine) (-iramine) (-tadine)
o Know and apply common uses of H1 versus H2 blockers or antagonists
H1 – relief of allergy symptoms, treat non-allergy conditions (insomnia, motion sickness, Parkinson-like reactions due to anticholinergic effects)
H2 – reduce gastric acid , gastric and duodenal ulcer, GERD, acid indigestion, heartburn
o Nice to know:
Adv Eff – dry mouth, difficulty urinating, constipation, mild drowsiness to deep sleep, changes in vision
o Good to know:
Due to Adv Eff, use with caution in pts with – HTN, angina, MI, Asthma or COPD, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease (antihistamines stimulate gastric acid secretion), BPH or urinary retention
Antihistamines appear on Beers List (geriatric clients at risk for orthostatic hypotension) [Show Less]