NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Final Exam Concept Review
Be sure to cover pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, nursing considerations, diagnostic
... [Show More] tests for the following topics:
Endocrine
SIADH- Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone Too much ADH (antidiuretic hormone ) secretion leads to water intoxication and hyponatremia
Causes include trauma, stroke, malignancies (often in the lungs or pancreas), medications, and stress
S/S include signs of fluid volume overload, changes in level of consciousness and mental status changes, weight gain, hypertension, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hyponatremia, concentrated urine, decreased urine output, serum osmolality decreased
Nursing considerations include monitoring vital signs and cardiac and neurological status, providing a safe environment, particularly for the patient with changes in level of consciousness or mental status, monitoring intake and output and weight daily; monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, monitoring serum and urine osmolality; restriction of fluids
DI (Diabetes Insipidus)- Kidney tubules fail to reabsorb water
Etiology includes stroke or trauma or may be idiopathic
S/S include excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, polydipsia, dehydration (decreased skin turgor and dry mucous membranes), inability to concentrate urine, increased urine output, urine very dilute, Low urinary specific gravity, fatigue, muscle pain and weakness, headache, postural hypotension that may progress to vascular collapse without rehydration, tachycardia, hypernatremia
Nursing Considerations: monitor vital signs and neurological and cardiovascular status, provide a safe environment, particularly for the patient with postural hypotension; monitor electrolyte levels and for signs of dehydration; maintain patient intake of adequate fluids; monitor intake and ouput, weight, serum osmolality and specific gravity of urine; instruct the patient to avoid foods and/or liquids that produce diuresis
Hyperthyroidism- Too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) Characterized by an increased rate of body metabolism
Common cause is Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter
S/S include: personality changes such as irritability, agitation and mood swings, nervousness and fine tremors of the hands, heat intolerance, weight loss, smooth, soft skin and hair, palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias such as tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, diarrhea, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos) may be present, diaphoresis (sweating), hypertension, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
Nursing Considerations: Provide adequate rest, provide a cool and quiet environment, provide a high-calorie diet, obtain daily weight, avoid administration of stimulants, administer sedatives as prescribed, administer antithyroid medications, administer blood pressure medication for tachycardia, prepare for thyroidectomy if prescribed
Hypothyroidism- Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Characterized by a decreased rate of body metabolism
Causes: autoimmune disease, treatment for hyperthyroidism, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, certain medications
S/S: lethargy, fatigue, weakness, muscle aches, paresthesias, intolerance to cold, weight gain, dry skin and hair and loss of body hair, bradycardia, constipation, generalized puffiness and edema around the eyes and face (myxedema), forgetfulness and loss of memory, menstrual disturbances, cardiac enlargement, tendency to develop heart failure, goiter may or may not be present
Hyperparathyroidism- Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Causes: Tumor, Hyperplasia, Genetics; secondary causes-severe calcium or vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney failure
S/S: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, fatigue and muscle weakness, skeletal [Show Less]