NR 228 Exam 2 Review
NR 228 Exam 2 Review
Water as a nutrient in the body
- Water is mainly absorbed during digestion because it is inorganic and is
... [Show More] not digested
- Water helps in the process of metabolism
o It can be released as a byproduct
o Can be part of the process in which releases energy
o It becomes available for body functions when glycogen is used for energy
Water’s function
- Gives shape and rigidity to cells
- Keeps body temperature stable
- Conducts heat
- Helps keep the body cool through evaporation
- Acts as a lubricant (joint fluid and mucous)
- Forms a shock-absorbing fluid cushion
- Delivers nutrients and removes waste
- Moves minerals throughout the body
Homeostasis
- Maintained by electrolytes including minerals and blood proteins
- Two most important minerals are sodium and potassium
o Sodium
extracellular fluid
edema occurs when too much water is retained
can lead to hypertension due to the high blood pressure when there is too much
hyponatremia when deficiency occurs
deficiency from dehydration and diarrhea
too much sodium is hard for the body to handle and can be toxic
o Potassium
Intracellular fluid
Crucial in normal functioning muscles (including the heart)
Can stop the heart if there is too much
Deficiency is caused by vomiting and diarrhea
Toxicity usually only occurs through supplements
- Treatment of nausea/ vomitting
o Crackers
o Ginger ale
o Water
- Treatment of constipation
o High fiber
o Dates and grapes
o Laxatives
Fiber
- Fiber and laxatives go right through us
- Soluble
o Dissolve in fluids
o Include:
Pectin
Mucilage
Psyllium seed husk
Guar gum
- Insoluble
o Do not dissolve in fluids
o Provide structure and protection for plants
o Include
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Nutrients
- Bioavailability
o Having a nutrient or drug but then seeing how well our body can absorb and make good use out of it
- Nutrients get processed through food
- Essential
o The ones our body cannot make
o We must get these through our daily intake of food and water
- Non-essential
o The ones our body can make
o We replenish them ourselves everyday
Minerals
- Calcium
o Bone and teeth formation
o Helps muscles
o Too much can cause stiff muscles
- Phosphorous
o Bone and teeth formation (same as calcium)
o Needed for DNA
- Iodine
o Thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
o Regulates growth and development
o Use iodized salt on food due to usual lack of iodine
- Fluoride
o Bone and teeth formation
o Increases stability of bone
- Magnesium
o Bone structure
o Regulates nerve and muscle function
- Chloride
o Maintaining fluid balance
o Component of hydrochloric acid used in metabolism
o Used for respiratory as well
- Iron
o Distributes oxygen throughout the body
o Oxygen depends on the iron in hemoglobin
o Assists enzymes in the use of oxygen by all cells
o Some iron is kept in the spleen
o In foods like:
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Vegetables
Legumes
Dried fruits
Whole grain cereals
Enriched grain products
- Zinc
o Affects growth processes, immune system, carbohydrate metabolism, and taste and smell ability
o Assists in insulin function
o In foods like:
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Whole grains
Legumes
Eggs
- Copper
o Metabolism, wound healing, fiber protection, and iron use
o Good sources:
Meats (liver)
Seafood
Green leafy vegetables
Legumes
Whole grains
Dried fruits
o Diseases
Wilsons
• Rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism
Menkes
• Defect in the gene of copper- transport protein
Vitamins
- May decrease rick of some cancers through vitamin A, C, and E
- Vitamin C
o Scurvy
Fatal disease that weakens the body’s connective tissues and causes inflammation of them
- Vitamin D
o Rickets
Extent of deficiency among children and adults
Characterized by vowed legs, oddly angled rib bones, and abnormal tooth formation
Bad mineral and vitamin combinations
- Iron, Copper, and Zinc
- Niacin and tryptophan
- Vitamin E and vitamin K
Pregnancy
- Nutritional value of the mom goes up
- You are going to gain weight throughout pregnancy so be careful of becoming overweight
- Average amount of weight gain for 1st trimester is 2-4 pounds
- After 1st trimester 1 pound a week of weight gain
- Weight gain through pregnancy depends on your BMI
- Caffeine crosses the placenta barrier
- Mothers need vitamin C so they need iron throughout their pregnancy
- Many mothers end up having to take iron supplements sue to their lack of iron
- During pregnancy be aware of:
o PIKA
Georgia clay
Chalk
o Heartburn
o Hemorrhoids
- You should not eat fish due to the high amount of iodine and mercury in the fish
Post- pregnancy
- Your water intake should increase from 9 glasses a day to 12 glasses a day
- Breast feeding
o Advantages
Immunological protection to infant
Uniquely suited nutrient composition
Reduces risk of food allergy
Promotes oral motor development
Convenience
May protect infant from chronic diseases
Bonding
Uterine contractions and controls bleeding
Helps get you back to pre-pregnancy weight
o Iron and zinc are absorbed through breast milk
o Overfeeding means too much food being given
o Infants height and weight
First year they should be expected to triple their birth weight
Increase height by 50%
o 4-6 months you should start weaning
Age groups through life span
- Childhood (1-12)
- This is when children need to make sure they get enough calcium and iron
o Stage 1 (1-3)
One fruit or vegetable serving equals one tablespoon of fruit or vegetable per year of age
Bread or cereal is ¼ of an adult serving
2 or 3 8 ounce cups of milk per day
Meats or meat substitutes can be offered at least twice a day
This is the prime time to introduce a variety of foods
Can be prone to iron deficiency
Snacks are good to incorporate
o Stage 2 (4-6)
Peer influence starts to occur
Child can develop a food jag which is wanting to eat a narrow range of foods
Still a good time to introduce new foods
Snacking is key to add as a pattern through the day
o Stage 3 (7-12)
You have less influence on what these kids eat
Variety and balance have already been taught by this stage
Pre-puberty can cause a weight build-up
Snacks start disappearing
o Adolescence (13-19)
Puberty occurs and struggles start
This is where we become concerned with eating disorders and teen pregnancy
- Adulthood (20-death)
o Early years (20’s and 30’s)
This is where we need to start adding exercise
Growth is completed
Calcium and phosphorous are decreased
o Middle years (40’s and 50’s)
Cell loss starts
Dietary pattern:
• High fiber
• Low fat
• High protein
Body mass replaced with body fat
o Older years (60’s thru 80’s)
Adjust to retirement
Depression as people start to pass away
Dehydration may occur
Memory loss and dementia
Dental health can deteriorate
Constipation is a higher risk
Medicine
- Traditional
o Forces of nature
o Illness is viewed as an imbalance of ying and yang
o Herbal medicine
- Complementary
o Healing approaches as well as conventional medicine
o Prescription medication and yoga class is an example
- Alternative
o Therapies are used instead of medicine
o herbal medicines and shark cartilage to treat cancer instead of surgery and radiation are an example
- Naturopathic
o Noninvasive, natural healing
o Acupuncture, exercise, massage, and dietary alterations are examples
- Natural remedies
o These are becoming much more popular
GERD
- Gastroesophageal reflux disorder
- Something to help is to not lie down for 1-2 hours after eating
- Also known as heartburn [Show Less]