NLN-PAX Science testbank 2022
Cell <<<
>> the smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and
structure for all living things.
Nucleus... [Show More] <<<>> contains the genetic information, or DNA, and controls the
activities of the cell.
Plasma (cell) membrane <<<>> separates the contents of the cell from the
surrounding fluid (interstitial fluid)
Semipermeable membrane <<<>> refers to the selective nature of the
plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right
size or the right chemical nature to pass through.
Interstitial fluide <<<>> contains substances such as amino acids, sugars,
fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters, and salts.
Cytoplasm <<<>> is the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles.
Organelles <<<>> (little organs) are specialized units in the cell that per
form certain functions.
Mitochondria <<<>> are the locations for cellular respiration, that is, the
conversion of food to energy at the cellular level. The site of energy production and of
most of its ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) <<<>> the chemical the cell uses to store
and transfer energy within itself.
Ribosomes <<<>> are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) <<<>> Ribosomes are attached. Serves as a
means for transport within the cell and is made up of many channels. Rough
endoplasmic reticulum named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface, serves to
store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is free of
ribosomes it performs varying functions in different cells, including the storage of
enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins, among other things. It is thought to
be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
Golgi complex <<<>> modifies and packages proteins destined for use in
the cell or for export from the cell.
Lysosomes <<<>> are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These
sacs are responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are
malfunctioning, and for digesting waste.
Cell wall <<<>> Only plant cells have them. It is responsible for the
protection of the cell, the maintenance of the shape, and water balance.
Chloroplasts <<<>> contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for
photosynthesis.
Vacuoles <<<>> plant cells also often large ones. Which are compartments
in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion, and storage.
Chromatin <<<>> DNA is in this loosely structured form when it is not
dividing
Chromosomes <<<>> DNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies when
the cell is dividing
Mitosis <<<>> When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material
must be passed on to the new, or so-called daughter, cells. In somatic (non
reproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies of the parent cells. This is
achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. It is useful in the growth
and repair of our bodies.
Zygote <<<>> the cell created by the union of a sperm and egg contains a
full set of chromosomes, half from each parent.
Meiosis <<<>> Another type of division takes place in the production of
gametes. It contains half of the normal number of chromosomes. It consists first of
doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent divisions. Thus the products are
four daughter cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes.
Muscle tissue <<<>> skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Epithelial tissue <<<>> skin, the lining of organs
Nervous tissue <<<>> neurons
Connective tissue <<<>> cartilage, blood, fat, bone
Organ <<<>> performs a specialized function in the body.
Organ system <<<>> made up of a number of organs working together to
carry out a major function. [Show Less]