a group counselor uses techniques based on implosive therapy in her work. which theorist is responsible for implosive therapy?
a. ellis
b. beck
c.
... [Show More] janov
d. stampfl
d. stampfl - abreactive form of therapy often used with highly phobic clients. clients are induced to read or hear about or imagine frightening depictions of what might happen if they are forced to face their fear. idea is that the person will become desensitized
a group counselor decides to make graphs of the psychological test data for all of her clients over the past year. when she plots the distribution of beck depression inventory data, she notices it it skewed to the left. which of the following statements is true if a distribution is skewed to the left?
a. the mean is greater than the median
b. the mean is less than the median
c. the mean and median are the same
d. the mode is the best measure of center
b. the mean is less than the median - it means that although most of the scores are to the right of the distribution, there are a few low scores pulling the distribution to the left. the mean is most impacted by the extreme scores. Because the extreme scores in this dist. are low, the value of the mean will be made less than the value of the median
Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a
tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block
tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on
her own is known as:
a. scaffolding
b. the zone of proximal development
c. assisted discovery
d. learning by imitation
B. "Scaffolding" is a term used by Vygotsky that explains what Susie's mother is doing.
She is adjusting her level of support to Susie based on Susie's level of performance. The zone
of proximal development involves a range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to do
alone but possible to do with the help of adults or other, more-skilled children. "Assisted
discovery" is another term used by Vygotsky to describe learning situations that a teacher
sets up within a classroom so that children are guided into discovering learning. Learning
by imitation is a type of learning that involves a child watching someone perform a task and
later performing the task by herself.
According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the
individual will have troubles with the development of:
a. autonomy
b. initiative
c. intimacy
d. integrity
C. In Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, individuals who fail to achieve the goal of the lower level of development will have problems attaining the developmental task at the next stage of development. In the example above, the individual failed to achieve identity, which occurs during adolescence. Therefore, in young adulthood, the individual will have problems attaining intimacy, which is the developmental task to be achieved at
this level. For autonomy, the individual would have to have failed to attain basic trust; for initiative, the individual would have to have failed to attain autonomy; and for integrity, the
individual would have to have failed to attain generativity.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's theory of personality
development?
a. Oral, genital, latency, anal, phallic
b. Genital, anal, phallic, oral, latency
c. Latency, phallic, oral, anal, genital
d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D. The best way to remember Freud's psychosexual stages of development is to think about what key tasks individuals do throughout childhood. The first thing infants do is suck (oral). Next, babies begin toilet training (anal), then discover the difference between boys and girls (phallic). Next, children spend time growing physically and cognitively but are latent in the psychosexual realm (not focusing on anything sexual); finally, puberty sets in and they begin to think about sex again and are focused on their own genitals.
Jacob's father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds,
"Because I said so." The father's response is most representative of which parenting style?
a. Uninvolved
b. Authoritarian
c. Authoritative
d. Permissive
B. The authoritarian parenting style uses coercive techniques and psychological control to discipline children, whereas the authoritative parenting style emphasizes some control but allows for some independence. The uninvolved parenting style rarely uses any control and the parent seems to be indifferent to the child's level of independence. In the permissive parenting style, the parents are typically overindulgent with the child. They exert very little control and are lenient when it comes to granting independence to the child.
Harry Harlow used baby monkeys and several different kinds of "surrogate mothers" to
investigate which factors are important in early development and attachment. According to
his findings, baby monkeys:
a. preferred a soft terrycloth "mother" to a wire-mesh "mother" that held a bottle
b. preferred a wire-mesh "mother" that held a bottle to a soft terrycloth "mother"
c. showed no preference
d. preferred neither "mother"
A. In Harry Harlow's experiments, he found that baby monkeys preferred physical comfort to hunger satisfaction. In other words, the baby monkeys wanted to be close to a
soft terrycloth "mother" rather than a wire-mesh "mother," even though the latter presented food. Therefore, attachment involves more than hunger satisfaction. It involves having close contact with a "loving" caregiver.
Which of the following is a myth about suicide in the United States?
a. Male suicide is four times higher than that among females.
b. It occurs in age groups of 90 years and up.
c. Psychiatrists, physicians, and dentists are most prone.
d. Asking someone about suicide may push that person over the edge.
D. If someone is thinking about suicide, asking that person about suicide will not plant the seed or push her into committing suicide. It is important that as a counselor, you ask clients about suicide so that they can get the help they need. It is necessary to assess suicidality whenever you suspect that someone is contemplating it or behaving in ways that may suggest that she is contemplating it. It is best practice to assess for suicidality at each session with your clients. Suicide knows no age boundaries. Females attempt suicide at a rate three times higher than males, but males are successful more often, usually because
they use more lethal methods than females.
Cody does what his parents say because he doesn't want to lose his television privileges.
This is an example of what level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
a. Integrity versus despair
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Postconventional
B. Integrity versus despair is one of the stages in Erickson's psychosocial developmental theory. Kohlberg postulated that in the first level, preconventional, individuals are concerned with consequences imposed upon them for wrongdoing. Thus, in the example, Cody wanted to avoid being punished by having his television privileges taken away. At the conventional level, an individual wants to conform to societal rules so that authority rules and order is maintained. At the postconventional level, individuals define morality in terms
of universal values and altruism.
Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother, Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds
this game fun because he has acquired ____________, which is one of the primary tasks of the
sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
a. conservation
b. dual representation
c. object permanence
d. reversibility
C. Piaget proposed that there are four stages of cognitive development. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage, whereby the infant or toddler recognizes that even though
something is out of sight, it still exists. Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is the preoperational stage (early childhood years) in which children begin to recognize that something can be an object as well as a symbol (dual representation). The third stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is called the concrete operational stage, during which children 6 to 11 years old develop the capacity of both conservation (object
permanence, or the understanding that physical characteristics of objects remain the same even if the appearance is different) and reversibility (the ability to think through a series of steps and then to reverse the process mentally).
The theorist associated with bonding and attachment is:
a. Bowlby
b. Adler
c. Freud
d. Piaget
A. When you think about attachment and bonding, think about John Bowlby (1907- 1990). Adler is associated with birth order and family constellation, while Freud is
associated with psychosexual development. Piaget is associated with cognitive development.
Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks
about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson's:
a. intimacy stage
b. generativity stage
c. industry stage
d. ego integrity stage
D. One of the clues in this example is Henry's age. Another clue is Henry's discussion about his life successes and regrets, not finding another mate, being successful in school, or contributing to society. Erikson's generativity stage involves middle-aged adults who are
launching their children, dealing with an empty nest, and working toward retirement. His ego integrity stage involves older adults who review their lives, looking at successes and regrets.
When it comes to displaying aggression, girls more often engage in ____________
aggression than boys.
a. hostile
b. instrumental
c. relational
d. physical
C. Instrumental aggression occurs when a child wants a toy that another child has and he tries to get that toy by pushing or attacking the other child in some way. Hostile
aggression occurs when a child intentionally hurts another child because he wants to hurt the other child. Physical aggression occurs more often in boys than in girls and is any form of harm or physical injury such as pushing, hitting, biting, or kicking. Relational aggression more often occurs in girls and involves the use of social exclusion, malicious gossip, or peer manipulation in order to damage another person's peer relationships.
All of the following are physical characteristics of Down Syndrome EXCEPT:
a. short, stocky build
b. almond-shaped eyes
c. large hands and feet
d. flattened face
C. The chromosomal abnormality, Down Syndrome, is the most common chromosomal disorder, occurring in 1 out of every 800 births. Individuals with Down Syndrome suffer
from mental retardation, memory and speech problems, and slow motor development. They usually have some heart deformities, as well as being of short and stocky build. They have almond-shaped eyes, a flattened face, a protruding tongue, and an unusual crease running across the palm of the hand.
Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial
influences on self-esteem?
a. Chinese and Japanese children have higher self-esteem than North American children,
mainly because their cultures have higher academic standards for achievement.
b. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
c. African American children tend to have lower self-esteem than Caucasian children.
d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high self-esteem.
D. Actually, Asian children usually have lower self-esteem than their North American counterparts, while African American children have higher self-esteem than their Caucasian counterparts. Generally, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. An authoritative parenting
style is generally more accepting and less critical of children's negative behavior: Parents tend to build their children's self-esteem because the focus is on building a sense of worth and independence.
you are treating a client who is receiving counseling through his companies EAP. the employees supervisor calls you because he is curious as to how the counseling is progressing. in this situation, you can let the supervisor know how the clients counseling is progressing:
only if the employee has signed a waiver of confidentiality/release of information form
a career counselor believes that ones environment and ones biology are both influential in determining a persons career choice and performancec only when considered in the context of ones culture. which developmental theorist would this counselor be MOST likely to agree with?
Bronfenbrenner - he is considered a cultural context theorist and believes that cultureis very important in developmetn and is one of the distiguishing features of humans. note the question only asks for a DEVELOPMENTAL theorist even though it is in a career counseling setting. bronfenbrenner is not a career theorist.
you are working as a group counselor. you prefer a laissez-faire leadership style. after a few sessions, the group starts exhibiting tension and dissent. what should you do?
Become more directive. although a laissez-faire leader might prefer the group to work out the problems themselves, tension and dissent would require the leader to take on a more directive role in order to manage the overall group process
you are working as a family therapist and are referred a new family as a client. the family includes two parents, two sons, and one daughter. when the referal is made you learn that incest between the father and daughter is the primary issue for this family. whom should you include in therapy
the mother, father, and all three children
often, counselors refer to erikson's eight stages of psychosocial developmentwhen considering the developmental progress of clients. which of the following describes the frame of erikson's model?
the eight stages occur throughout a persons life span
program evaluations are used in most large educational, governmental, and social programs. which statement best explains why program evaluations are necessary?
a. prog evals are the only method available for accurately assessing prog effectiveness
b. prog evals make more sense to the general public than confusing statistical data
c. without prog evals, programs cannot meet their goals
d. prog evals help maintain accountability standards
d. prog evals help maintain accountability standards
a career counseling client reports that he performs best at work in the presence of other people. when he is alone he doesnt perform as well. what is he experiencing?
social facilitation
you are seeing a family in counseling for the first time. it comes to your attention that there is a history of mental disorders in the family. you dtermine that you need to take a family history. what should you do?
schedule a session as early as possible for taking a family history
The counseling department at a university is interested in measuring the relationship between the GRE score of students entering the program and the students GPA upon graduation. They discover that the correlation between the two measures is 0.60. what is the amount of variability between GPA and GRE scores?
0.36. Shared variability or the amount of variability shared between two variables, is equal to the square of the correlation coefficient (r) of the variables, or r2. .60 squared is .36.
In the context of professional licensure for counselors, reciprocity refers to...
A licensing agency accepting the licensing standards of another agency as sufficient for its own professional counselors.
a junior high school counselor gives an IQ test to a 13 year old student. The student scores very high on the test. The counselor would expect the student to have: [Show Less]