The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by - Answer- Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.
Formed what might well be the first counnseling/therapy
... [Show More] groups from 1905-1923. Groups mainly dealt with TB - Answer- Joseph Pratt
First mutual aid, self help support group, founded in 1935 by stock broker Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron OH. - Answer- AA
n - Answer- n
Group thrapy initally flourished in US due to a shortage of individual therapist during ____ - Answer- WWII (got popular in 1950s)
Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are ____effective than unstructured - Answer- less
According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will _____conservative than the average member's decision prior to group discussion - Answer- less
T in t groups stands for - Answer- training
Suggests that established members in AA and other 12 step groups somtimes exploit new members for sexual purposes - Answer- 13th stepping
Most experts in the field of group work would agree that the msot importnat trait for group members is ability to ____ - Answer- trust
Notes
Threee member roles in a group: task, maintenance, and self serving roles - Answer- notes
Interpersonal leaders favor here and now
Intrapersonal favor the past
Many group studies in research have not been well controlled, so there are split ideas about what's best
If you have a group of very immature participants, the then ____leadership style is recommened. Here the leader tells members what to do and doesn't emphasize relationships among members - Answer- Situational leadership style
A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he actually behaves is called )_____
Also definition: occurs when members experience conflicting demands of various roles, such as when a member who prefers to avoid emotional expression is encouraged to self-disclose reactions to emotionally laden group content and process—that is, the roles a member plays come into conflict with each other. - Answer- role conflict
Group therapist is making a diagram to understand the dynmaics between subgroups and members better. This is called charting a ____ - Answer- pictorial sociogram
When a group leader allows each memmber to weigh in on a given topic, it's called ____ - Answer- making the rounds
n - Answer- n
Experts predict that in the future group leaders will be more like ____ - Answer- life skills trainers
In terms of research and the group leader's personality qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a _____ degree - Answer- small
A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would have an _____ - Answer- Outside observer...who would sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change
n - Answer- n
studied group dynamics and has been credited with the invention of training groups (or T-groups), which gave rise to the encounter and sensitivity groups of the 1960s and 1970s. His research resulted in the identification of predictable stages of group work and specific change markers for individual clients. - Answer- Kurt Lewin
During 1960s and 1970s, members met together for extended periods of time, usually between 24 and 48 hours in this group type, throughout which members were expected to become more authentic and engage in true self-disclosure. - Answer- Marathon group
occurs when the group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world. - Answer- Reality distortion
element, generally created by the group leader or relationships with other members, that improves a member's overall condition.. - Answer- Therapeutic or curative factor.
Yalom came up with:
Instillation of hope
universality
imparting of info
altruism
family reenactment
Development of socialization tecnniques
imitative behavior
interpersonal learning
group coheisiveness
catharsis
existnential factors
Notes
The American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) is an interdisciplinary organization promoting research and practice in group psychotherapy for individuals with mental disorders. • The American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) was founded by J. L. Moreno and promotes standards in training, research, and practice in psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy. • The National Training Laboratory (NTL) uses Lewin's approach to organizational leadership and change. The NTL offers certificate programs for business professionals and a master's degree in organizational development. - Answer- notes
Importantly, if co-leaders are used, group membership usually can be increased by about 50% to 75%.
It is not unusual for counseling groups to be planned to run between 8 and 30 sessions. On the other hand, psychotherapy groups frequently run for a minimum of 15 sessions and up to several years.
Quadrant 1 (public/open like sex or clothing)
Quadrant 2: Private, hidden (dear of failure, inadequacy)
Quadrant 3: Blind (facial expressions)
Quadrant 4: Unknown/unconcious (family of origin issues)
Known to self
Unknown to self
Known to others
Unknown to others - Answer- Johari Window
n - Answer- n
Group stage: it is a time of testing boundaries and power structures that can range from subtle testing to full-blown rebellion and conflict. - Answer- Transition stage
n - Answer- n
assesses how members are different because of the group work. - Answer- Outcome evaluation AKA results evaluation
The process of assessing or estimating attributes - Answer- Appraisel
The ______indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly - Answer- difficulty
A .5 difficutly means that 50% got it correct.
Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items. - Answer- recognition
____measures copaire traits within the same indiviudal; the ydon't compare a person to other people who took the test - Answer- Ipsative - yields within person analysis
(Normative format has each item independent of all other items)
A ____test is designed to evauluate the level of pastery without a time limit - Answer- power
Speed tests are set up so no one can finish them; you just see how fast you can do it.
____tests measure max performance or present level of ksill. - Answer- achievement
Tests of this nature are also called atainment tests
In a ____test, the items get progressively more difficult - Answer- Spiral
In a ___test, you have several selections which are spiral in nature - Answer- Cyclical
Notes: A vertical tests have versions for various age brackets, and horzontal tests measure varius factors during the same testing procedure
Also called rational or logical validity; refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct. - Answer- content validity
Validity: test's ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self esteem - Answer- construct validity
Validity: takes two measures that are supposed to be measuring the same construct and shows that they are related - Answer- convergent
Validity: aka empirical validity , reflects test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria . May be lumped under criterion validity - Answer- concurrent validity
Validity: tries to ascertain the social implicatiosn of using tests - Answer- conseqeuntial validity
Used to desscibe the process by which a test is refined and becomes more vaild as contradicotry items are dropped. - Answer- incremental validity
popularized by IO psychologists who felt the procedure had merit, especiallh when utilized for smaller firms who didn't hire a large number of workers. the helper or researcher looks for tests taht have been shown to predit each job element or component (typing, filing, etc). Tests taht predict each component (criterion) can then be combined to improve the selection process - Answer- Synthetic validity
Validiity used to asssess a test's construct/criterion validity by correlating test scores with an outside source.
Another definition: refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. - Answer- Convergent validity
Notes: closer reliabiliy coefficient is to one, the better
Validity that says test will not refelct unrelated variables - Answer- Discriminant validity
A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor was testing reliability via ___ - Answer- split half correlation method
Aka scorer reliability, utlized with subjective tests such as projectives to ascertain whether the scoring criteria are such taht two persons who grade or assess the reposnes wil produce roughtly the same score - Answer- Inter-rather/inter-observer
A reliabiliy coefficient of 1.00 indicates - Answer- a perfect score which has no error
Notes: An excellent psychological or counseling tests would have a reliabelity coefficient of .90. A reseracher with a perosonality tests discovers the test has a reliability coefficient of .70, which is somewhat typical. This indicates that 70% of score is acurate while 30% isn't.
___is acceptable reliability coefficeint for psychological attributes - Answer- .70
For adminssions for jobs, schools, etc it needs to be at least .80 if not .9
To demonstrate the variance of one factor accounted for by another, you square the corelation (reliability coefficient). So if it is .7, you would do .7 x .7 , which equals .49 or 49%. You exam could refer to this prnciple as the ____ - Answer- coefficeitn of determination
IQ: Early ratio for Binet IQ was _____ The score indicated how you compared to those in your age group. - Answer- MA/CA (mental age divided by chronological age) x 100.
However, IQ today relies on standard age score (SAS) witha mean of 100 and a SD of 16 and used from age 2 to adulthood.
___did reserach and concluded that intelligene was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic. - Answer- Galton (said intelligence was a single or unitary factor)
Notes: fluid intelligence is flexible, culture free, and adjusts to the situaiton, while crystallized is rigid and doesn't adapt or change
Remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thikning and islated 120 factos whic hadded up to intelligence using factor analysis. - Answer- JP Guilford
A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e., homogeneity or inter-item consistency) of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize - Answer- The kuder-richardson coefficients of equivalence (Aka KR 20 or KR21)
Basically, supervisor wants cr to find out if each otem on the test is measuring he same thing as every other item. Is performance on one item rlated to the others?
Takes place when a reseracher further examines the criterion valididty of a test by adminsitering the test to a new sample. This procedure is necesary to ensure that the orignial validity coefficent is applicable to others. This method helps guard against error factors. - Answer- Cross validation
In most cases, cross validation coefficeient is smaller than the inital. This is called "shrinkage"
The first intelligence test was created by - Answer- Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Binet IQ test created originially for kids
Today, the stanford binet IQ test is a ______ - Answer- standardized measure (because scoring and administration procedures are formal as well as delineated. )
WPPSI-Weschler Preserschool and Primary Scale of INtelligence. WAIS-IV for 16-90 ages, and WISC IV Weschler intelligence scale for children is 6-16 and 11 months years old.
n - Answer- n
WAIS-IV and WISC-IV no longer provide __and ____ - Answer- verbal and performance IQ scores
When a test is guided via a theory, it is known as a ________ - _______ test or ____ - Answer- Theory based or inventory
Mean and SD on Weschler and Standford BInet Intelligence - Answer- 100, 15 weschler
100, 16 Stanford Binet
The _____movement began with the army alpha and army beta in WWI - Answer- group IQ test
The black vs white IQ controversy was spakred mainly by a 1969 aritcle by ____ - Answer- Arthur Jensen
Said that whites would score 10-15 points higher bc slavery held blacks back in the past.
n - Answer- n
Responsible for the fluid (inherited neurological that decreases with age and isn't dpenedent on culture) and crystallized (from experiential, cultural, and educational interaction) intelligence.
Crystallized intelligence is measured by tests that focuc on content. Fluid is by "content . free reaonsing" like a block design. - Answer- Raymond B Cattell
created the Black Intelligence Test of homogenity BITCH - Answer- African american psychologist robert williams
Court case stating that IQ tests were raciall biased agianst black chidren who were overly represented in Educable mentally retarded EMR classes absed on IQ scores - Answer- 1979 Larry P v. Wilson Riles, Superintendent of Public INstrcution, State of California: The Weschler and Binet on Trial
Branch of counlseing focused on testing - Answer- Psychometric
projective tests show client ____stimuli - Answer- neutral
The 16 PF reflects the work of - Answer- Raymond B Cattell
Tests and inventories like the 16 PF , which analysze data outside of a given theory, are called ___- - Answer- factor analysis tests or intentories rather than theory based tests
an aptitude test is to ___as cheivement test is to ____ - Answer- potential, what has been learned
Expressive projective measure, known for ability t odiscern whetehr brain damage is evident. Suitable for ages 4 and up. Cl instructed to copy 16 geometric figures which cl can llook at while constructing the drawing - Answer- Bender Gestalt II
Invetories work best with indivdiuals who are ______inasmuch as intersts are not extremely stable prior to that time. Interests become stable around age 25. - Answer- Highschool age and above
Criticism of interest inventories: They emphasize professional positions and minimize blue collar jobs (manual labor jobs)
Cr who had an interest in testing would be a member of ____ - Answer- AARC association for assessment and reserach in counseling
The O*NET ability profiler and MCAT are examples of _____tests - Answer- aptitude
Descibes a phenomenon in which a person in a group puts forth less effort than if he was attempting to accomplish the same goal individually - Answer- social loafing
NOtes
Calculate Standard error of measurement SEM by substracting the number and adding the number to the score recievied.
Ex. Score 106. SEM 3. 106-3 and 106+3. Person will score between 103 and 109. - Answer- Notes
Lewis terman americanized the Binet (lewis was associated with stanford university, so that's why it's stanford-binet)
Item difficulty index is calculated by taking - Answer- the number of persons tested who asnwered correctly/number of persons tested.
in counseling, is the process of defining and estimating the magnitude of human attributes and behavioral expressions. - Answer- Measurement
policy statement published by AARC, a division of the ACA. The intent is to ensure that ACA members use standardized tests with clients in an accurate, fair, and responsible manner. - Answer- Responsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests
was established in 1985 by a collaborative effort between AERA, APA, and NCME and included a number of other organizations, including the ACA. The committee published several documents concerning testing standards in educational, psychological, and counseling fields. disbanded in 2007. The most notable of the publications include Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers , Test User Qualifications - Answer- Joint Committee on Testing practices JCTP
Also known as the Carl D. Perkins Act, this law provides access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement services for the economically disadvantaged, those with disabilities, individuals entering nontraditional occupations, adults in need of vocational training, single parents, those with limited English proficiency, and incarcerated individuals. - Answer- Vocational and Technical act of 1984
The act aims to improve the quality of U.S. primary and secondary schools by increasing the accountability standards of states, school districts, and schools. As a result, this act requires states to develop and administer assessments in basic skills to all students. - Answer- No child left behind NCLB
notes
Mental measurements yearbook (MMY). The best source for information regarding commercially available assessment instruments in the English language is the MMY , published by the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements every 2 to 8 years. Each entry in the MMY offers pertinent assessment information, including the test name, acronym, test author and publisher, copyright date, purpose, intended test population, administration time, forms, and prices. The MMY also contains information related to test reliability and validity, norming data, scoring and reporting services, and available foreign language versions. The majority of entries include test critiques by experts in the testing and assessment field; these reviews provide an additional measure of credibility to the assessment instruments - Answer- Tests in Print (TIP). Tests in Print ( TIP ) is published by the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements every 3 to 13 years as a companion to the MMY . It offers a comprehensive listing of all published and commercially available tests in psychology and education. TIP provides information regarding the test title, intended population, publication date, acronym (if applicable), author, publisher, foreign adaptations, and references. Unlike the MMY , TIP does not provide critical reviews or psychometric information on the assessment instrument.
• Test Critiques. Test Critiques, also published by PRO-ED, is designed to be a companion text to Tests . Each entry in Test Critiques contains an overview of the assessment, practical applications (e.g., intended population, administration, scoring, and interpretation procedures), and information regarding the instru [Show Less]