Beneficence - Answer- The counselor is working for the good of the client or the group.
Justice - Answer- Usually applied to group situations: the
... [Show More] counselor treats all members fairly.
Nonmaleficence - Answer- The counselor will do no harm
Defamation - Answer- Behavior that can damage one's reputation. Also known as libel if it is written and slander if the defamation refers to verbal remarks.
NCC - Answer- A generic certification for counselors.
Accredidation - Answer- The process whereby an agency or school (not an individual) meets certain standards and qualifications set forth by an association or accrediting organization.
Not governed by state laws.
Applies to programs, NOT individual counselors
Privileged communication - Answer- information that will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission.
Anything said to a counselor by a client is the "client's privilege" and - the client is the holder of the privilege.
A legal concept that protects clients, not counselors.
{is "qualified" means that exceptions may exist.}
Tarasoff case - Answer- "Duty to warn"
A landmark legal case resulting in clinical psychologists' duty to warn potential victims of dangerous or harmful acts whose identity is revealed by clients during psychological services
Exception to written consent regarding client's test or assessment results - Answer- When there is clear and imminent danger or when legally required to do so by a government agency or a court order
APA is to psychologist as ACA is to - Answer- Counselor
Certification is NOT the same as - Answer- licensing
(A counseling license is granted by the state government. A title mastered by living up to certain standards.)
Certification comes from - Answer- Organization (not part of the state or federal government)
Licensure comes from - Answer- state government
impaired professional - Answer- an individual who has undergone professional training but who is no longer able to function in a professional capacity because of illness or substance abuse
APGA - Answer- American Personnel and Guidance Association
Founded in 1952
changed name to AACD in 1983 (American Association for Counseling and Development)
Then name changed to ACA (American Counseling Association) in 1992
release of information - Answer- consent to disclose or transfer records
reciprocity - Answer- when one state or organization accepts the license or credentials of another state or organization.
CRC - Answer- Certified Rehabilitation Counselor
(need at least a master's in rehabilitative counseling, acceptable experience in the field, and passing score on 400 question multiple choice examination)
MAC - Answer- Master Addictions Counselor
(NBCC credential)
A registry - Answer- is always a list of providers. Could be state-specific of national list.
Abandonment - Answer- occurs when a counselor stops providing services and does not refer the client to another helper.
NCC recertification process - Answer- 100 Hours of CEUs acquired every 5 years.
Countertransference - Answer- indication of unresolved problems on the part of the helper.
Sexual relations with clients - Answer- NBCC - must wait two years after termination, then there must be written documentation that the relationship was not exploitative in nature.
ACA - must wait minimum of 5 years after termination.
Computer-Managed Counseling (CMC) - Answer- the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency
Computer-Assisted Counseling (CAC) - Answer- Controversial software that attempts to counsel clients.
(A humanistic counselor's worst nightmare!)
Negligence - Answer- When a counselor "neglects" or fails to perform a required behavior
Discrimination - Answer- practice of not treating all clients in an equal manner especially due to religious, racial, ethnic, sexual, or cultural prejudice on the part of the therapist.
Stereotyping - Answer- When counselor views all persons of a given classification or group in a biased manner
Paradoxical Interventions - Answer- a client is told to exaggerate a symptom - contraindicated in cases with homicidal and suicidal clients
Minimal disclosure - Answer- if you must break confidentiality, you reveal only what is necessary and when possible inform the client that you are going to disclose confidential information
Nosology - Answer- a system of classification or formal diagnosis (using the DSM-IV or ICD).
Insurance payments are also called - Answer- third-party payments (third-party payments do not always cover the entire counseling fee)
V-codes - Answer- what average person might consider day-to-day problems rather than a psychiatric or psychological difficulty.
Ex. Acculturation problem, occupational problem, academic problem.
Narcan or Naloxone - Answer- blocks the effect of opiods such as heroin and painkillers such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodine. It can stop or reverse overdoses to save lives.
CPT code - Answer- Current Procedural Terminology
--Used in addition to the DSM and ICD
-- generally required for insurance payments
--Specifies the exact nature of the tx being utilized to help your clt
ex. psychotherapy, hypnosis, group, etc.
--can also specify the length of the service unit
ex."psychotherapy over 30 minutes"
Caplan's Mental Health Consultation - Answer- Gerald Caplan develped 4 types of mental health consultations:
1. "client-centered": goal is to hep client
2. "consultee-centered": focus is on helping consultee develop improved techniques or skills
3. "consultee-centered administrative consultation": supervisor's intention is to sharpen your administrative skills
4. "program-centered": emphasis on creating, designing, or evaluating the program in question.
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer- established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
structuralism concept: his interest was in the "structure" of consciousness.
Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of - Answer- "Workbook in Vocations" by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefield, and Gilbert Wrenn
Psychodynamic Theories - Answer- view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences RATHER than cognitive factors.
Id - Answer- the seat of sex and aggression. Not rational or logical, void of time orientation. Chaotic and concerned only with the boy, not with the outside world.
"Pleasure Principle" and houses animalistic instincts.
Ego - Answer- Logical, rational, utilizes power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check
"Reality Principle" = pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of circumstances
Superego - Answer- moralisitic and idealistic portion of personality.
Erik Erikson - Answer- neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses entire lifespan.
Robert Perry - Answer- Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students
Stresses DUALISTIC THINKING common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong.
Dualistic Thinking Vs. Relativistic Thinking - Answer- Dualistic: things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong.
Relativistic: not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. There is more than one way to view the world.
Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is - Answer- 1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operations
3. Concrete operations
4. Formal operations
T test - Answer- a parametric statistical test used in formal experiements to determine whether there is a significant difference between 2 groups.
t-test utilized to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other.
Conservation - Answer- A substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
According to Piaget, children master conservation and concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (ages 7-11).
A child who has not mastered conservation does not think in a very flexible manner.
Lev Vygotsky - Answer- Disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally. Insisted the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
Lawerence Kohlberg - Answer- Leading theorist in moral development: used stories to determine level of moral development in children.
Epigenetic - Answer- developmental stages follow an order - systematic. Each stage emerges from the one before it.
Reversibility - Answer- One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
Egocentrism - Answer- in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. The child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development - Answer- 1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Heinz Dilemma
(Kohlberg) - Answer- "A woman in Europe was dying of cancer. Only one drug (a form of radium) could save her. It was discovered by a local druggist. The druggist was charging $2,000, which was tent imes his cost to make the drug. The woman's husband, Heinz, could not raise the money and even if he borrowed from his friends, he could only come up with approximately half the sum. He asked the druggist to reduce the rice or let him pay the bill later since his wife was dying but the druggist said, "No." The husband was thus desperate and broke into the store to steal the drug. Should the husband have done that? Why?"
The individual's reason for their decision is used to evaluate the person's stage of moral development.
C. G. Jung - Answer- early psychoanalytic psychologist (broke from Freud's psychoanalysis to generate second historical approach to personality theory); incorporated unconventional aspects into psychology (religion, spirituality).
Father of analytic Psychology
Freud is the father of... - Answer- psychoanalysis
Jung is the father of... - Answer- Analytic psychology
RS - Answer- religious and spiritual
RS issues are increasingly being addressed in counseling.
Alfred Adler was founder of... - Answer- individual psychology - stresses the inferiority complex
Kohlberg's Preconventional stage - Answer- fear of authority (ex: shouldn't steal because you'll get caught and go to jail)
Reward and punishment greatly influence behavior.
Kohlberg's Conventional Stage - Answer- social order (ex: everyone must follow the law, there are no exceptions or society would fall apart).
Ind wants to meet standards of family, society, and even nation.
Kohlberg's Postconventional stage - Answer- justice is more important than law (ex: life is more important than property).
Concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.
Harry Stack Sullivan - Answer- postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
Theory known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations. Focuses on social influences
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - Answer- (1) Trust vs. Mistrust;
(2) Autonomy vs. Shame;
(3) Initiative vs. Guilt;
(4) Industry vs. Inferiority;
(5) Identity vs. Confusion;
(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation;
(7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption;
(8) Integrity vs. Despair.
Counterconditioning - Answer- A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
The zone of proximal development - Answer- In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction
Maturation Hypothesis - Answer- Suggests behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but certain behaviors won't manifest until necessary stimuli are present in environment. Suggests ind's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) - Answer- developed by Marsha Linehan, originally developed for the chronically suicidal.
Focuses heavily on mindfulness & useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm & suicide.
Arnold Gesell - Answer- a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children; feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity . Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten)
John Bowlby - Answer- Bonding and Attachment
Harry Harlow - Answer- Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin - Answer- found few sex differences existed that could not be explained by simple social learning; - most consistent difference that seems independent of social influence is that females have greater verbal ability and males have greater visual/spatial ability --> attributed to internal biological or hormonal difference but still debated.
the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages - Answer- 1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
Eros (Freud) - Answer- life instinct
Thanatos (Freud) - Answer- death instinct
Manifest Content (dreams) - Answer- Describes dream material as presented to the dreamer
Latent Content (dreams) - Answer- hidden meaning of a dream
Suicide among males/females - Answer- Males COMMIT suicide more often than females, yet females ATTEMPT suicide more often.
Suicide rates in US - Answer- Suicide rates tend to increase with age.
Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression begins to lift, rather than at the beginning of a depressive episode.
Freudian's Latency stage of development - Answer- Sexual drives seems hidden, sexual interests are replaced by social interests. Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in nature.
ages 6-12
Stanley Coopersmith - Answer- Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem.
Cephalocaudal - Answer- head to toe
(head of fetus develops earlier than the legs)
Heredity - Answer- Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Assumes that heredity characterisitics are transmitted by chromosomes
Assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
Heritability - Answer- The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
Kohlberg's six stages of moral development - Answer- Pre-conventional
1. Punishment/obedience orientation [Show Less]