Obesity
Person with a BMI of 30 or greater.
bone
Individuals who exercise regularly have greater peak __________ mass.
feedback
Repeated
... [Show More] practices, as well as internal and external __________, allows for efficient movement to be reproduced (motor learning).
proprioception
Research has demonstrated that __________ is altered after injury.
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to produce movement.
length-tension relationships
To ensure the HMS moves properly, it must exhibit proper force-couple relationships, which can only happen if the muscles are at a good __________ and the joints have proper arthrokinematics (joint motion).
Force Couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Length-Tension Relationships
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Isotonic - constant muscle tension; eccentric - muscle develops tension while lengthening, i.e., the bottom of a lunge; concentric - muscle shortens (contractile force greater than resistive force), i.e. coming out of a lunge; isometric - no visible change in muscle length, i.e., "pause" at the bottom of a lunge; isokinetic - muscle shortens at constant speed (used mainly in rehab settings).
List and describe the five types of muscle actions.
scapular retraction (shoulder blades together), scapular protraction (shoulder blades apart), scapular depression (shoulder blades down), scapular elevation (shoulder blades up)
What are the four types of scapular motion?
Frontal Plane
Creates front and back halves; motion - adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, eversion/inversion; axis - anterior/posterior; example - side lunge (side to side)
Sagittal Plane
Bisects body into right and left sides; movements - flexion/extension; axis - coronal; examples - bicep curl, squat, walking, climbing stairs (front and back)
Anatomic Position
The position of the body erect with arms at sides and palms forward.
Transverse Plane
Motion - internal/external rotation, left/right rotation, horizontal adduction/abduction; axis - longitudinal; examples - throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation (turn or rotate)
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body (i.e., right foot is __________ to right hand)
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body (i.e., right foot is __________ to left hand)
Lateral
Relatively far from the midline or toward the outside of the body
Medial
Relatively close to the midline of the body (i.e., adductors)
Posterior
Position on or toward the back of the body
Anterior
Position on or toward the front of the body
Distal
Position away from the center of the body or point of reference (i.e., ankle is distal to hip more than knee)
Proximal
Position nearest to the center of the body or point of reference (i.e., knee is proximal to hip more than ankle)
Inferior
Position below a reference point [Show Less]