NAFC Nutrition Coach Exam - Complete Solutions (Answered) What is the Structural and Functional Unit of any complex organism? Cell Characteristics of
... [Show More] Healthy Cells -Take in only the nutrients needed to function properly -Grow to a fairly uniform size and shape -Multiply only when needed or directed to -Don't infringe on each other's space -Communicate and cooperate with each other for the good of the whole organism Characteristics of Unhealthy Cells -Take in all the nutrients they can get, thereby depriving surrounding cells of vital nutrients -Keep growing beyond their normal preprogrammed size and shape. -Multiply out of control -Infringe upon and push into and damage surrounding healthy cells -Cease to communicate and/or cooperate with other cells or the body as a whole. This leads to a breakdown in the function and structural integrity of the tissue or organ involved. Cell Theory States.. -Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals -All cells are produced by the division of pre-existing cells -Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions -Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level -Homeostasis at higher levels, reflects combined, coordinated action of many cells -The human body contains many different types of cells Cytology The study of structure and function of cells Homeostasis The property of a system (Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organism) either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition. A typical cell.. -Is surrounded by extra-cellular fluid, which is the interstitial fluid of the tissue. -Has an outer boundary called a cell membrane -Has many components including the cellular organelles. These organelles carry out all the vital processes required for life. -Must take in nutrients from the interstitial fluid; use those nutrients to create all the substances needed to carry on life; secrete any products meant for use outside the cell; as well as excrete all waste products Cell Membrane The outer boundary of a cell DNA Is a sequence of chemical bases that essentially stores information in a "code" that tells the cell what proteins to make When unraveled, how far would the DNA in each cell stretch? 2-3 meters long When unraveled, all of the DNA in a single body would stretch how far? From the Earth to the Sun and around 400 times How many DNA are in the body? Approximately 35,000 genes that make up 300,000 different proteins Gene Activation Initiates with Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Polymerase binding to the gene. (RNA Polymerase is a large protein) Transcription The formation of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) from DNA. mRNA Carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. What are the two types of organelles found in cells? Membranous and Non-membranous Membranous Organelles are surrounded by Lipid Membranes Membranous Organelles also feature -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi Apparatus -Lysosomes -Peroxisomes -Mitochondria Non-Membranous Organelles are not enclosed by a membrane and always in touch with the cytosol. Non-Membranous Organelles also consist of -Cytoskeleton -Microvilli -Centrioles -Cilia -Ribosomes -Proteasomes Cell Membrane Provides isolation, support and protection; controls movement of materials in and out of the cell; acts as a barrier between the cell and its environment Cell Wall Provides support that allows them to grow tall; provides protection; allows water, oxygen and CO2 to diffuse in and out of the cell The ________ is the Border of the Country because it surrounds the cell Cell Membrane The ________ is the City Wall in a medieval city because it is stronger than the Cell Membrane Cell Wall The ______ is the solar energy panel of the cell because it uses sunlight to create energy for the cell Chloroplast The _____ is the Lawns, Parks, Forest and Foliage of the cell because it is the cell landscape and is found in any space where organelles aren't. Cytoplasam The _____ is the Steel Girders as they give each cell its distinctive shape and high level of organization Cytoskeleton The ______ is the Highways and Road Systems because it its involved in so many of metabolic processes Endoplasmic Reticulum The ______ is the Post Office/FedEx/UPS of the Cell because it sends proteins created by the ER and ribosomes throughout the cell. Golgi Apparatus Contains the genetic info, 23 pairs in humans Chromosomes The _______ is the Recycling and Disposal Plants of the cell, as it is involved in breaking down large molecules for either recycling or waste removal Lysosomes The________ is the Cell's Energy plant as it converts glucose to ATP Mitochondria The______ is the Brain of the Cell because it houses a majority of the genetic material and controls all activity within the cell Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus Nucleolus Inside Nucleus, Makes Ribosom The _____ are the Protein Manufacturing Plants because they synthesize proteins Ribosomes Vacuoles and Vesicles Bubbles in the cytosol that are responsible for storage of food, water, waste with multiple functions. Involved in material transport. Proteins make up ____ of the cell's structure 50+% Proteins carry out ____ of the cell's functions 90+% What are the preferred fuel sources of the body? Fatty acids and Glucose What is Proteomics? The study of composition, structure, function, and interactions of the proteins directing the activities of each living cell A human cell is capable of producing how many proteins? 300,000 What are proteins? They are organic (Carbon-containing) compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form.
What purpose does protein structure serve? The structure of the protein serves as a medium through which to regulate either the function of the protein or activity of an enzyme The Size of a Synthesized Protein Can by measured by the number of amino acids it contains and its total molecular mass, which is normally reported in units of daltons The four distinct aspects of a protein's structure are Primary - Basic form Secondary - Parts are formed Tertiary - Parts are bonded to create whole. Controls basic function. Quaternary - Several protein subunits (tertiary) functioning as a single protein complex. Three main classes of tertiary protein structure Globular Proteins - All are soluble, many are enzymes Fibrous Proteins - Often structural (collagen and keratin) Membrane Proteins - Often serve as receptors, provide channels for cell membrane passing Proteome The set of proteins expressed in a particular cell or cell type The Chief Characteristic of Proteins Their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly Chief Priority of Enzymes Carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription Over______ different chemical reactions in the body are known to by catalyzed by enzymes 4,000 What are the molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes called? Substrates What are protein components of an adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind antigens, (or foreign substances) in the body, and target them for destruction? Antibodies What is a ligand transport protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all the vertebrates and has close homologs in every biological kingdom? Hemoglobin [Show Less]