1st stage of first-language aquisition - correct answer between 6-8 months
babbling stage
child makes repetitive patterns of sound with mouth
2nd
... [Show More] stage of first-language aquisition - correct answer one-word stage
9-18 months
child makes basic word stems and single open-class words
3rd stage of first-language aquisition - correct answer two-word stage
18-24 months
child begins making miniature sentences with simple semantic relations
4th stage of first-language aquisition - correct answer early telegraph stage (multiword/morpheme stage)
24-30 months
child begins to express sentence structures with lexical rather than functional or grammatical morphemes
5th stage of first-language aquisition - correct answer later multiword stage
30+ months
characteristic grammatical or functional structures of the primary language emerge and are incorporated
Behavioralist Model - correct answer B.F Skinner
-individuals learn language as direct response to stimuli
-patterns of language produce certain activities in external world and individual develops response to those stimuli
-problems with this theory=
*creation of language is improvisionary
*linguistic response does not always elicit clear or recognizable rewards, which suggests it would be difficult for a child to have his responses reinforced.
Nativist Model - correct answer Noam Chomsky
-attempts to explain how people are able to understand and produce infinite number of linguistic expressions
-asserts that individuals are born w/ a universal grammar wired into their brains, which they use as a template for language acquisition.
-principles of language are innate and parameters of each language are acquired in first few years of life.
-theory present in contemporary thought
Vygotsky - correct answer sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of interpersonal communication and then is internalized as intrapersonal
-coined phrase "zone of proximal development"
(difference b/t what a person knows & what they could know w/ a bit of assistance from someone else)
Bronfenbrenner - correct answer -his ecological model describes development in terms of four nested levels:
(1) microsystem
(child's immediate environment)
(2) mesosystem (interactions between components of the microsystem)
(3) exosystem (more general elements of child's environment)
(4) macrosystem (overarching cultural influences, like cultural beliefs)
Steven Pinker - correct answer -theorist on human language acquisition
-added to chomsky's ideas that human beings are born with an innate capacity learning and understanding language.
-argued the cause of this was millions of years of evolution.
-language= increase of chance of survival
Jim Cummins - correct answer -coined Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS)
-coined Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) - correct answer use of language in informal and social settings
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - correct answer use of language in the classroom
Cognitive Model - correct answer -developed by Piaget
-individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control theri enviroment
1st Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - correct answer sensorimotor intelligence
(zero to two years)
child learns to physically handle objects of the outside world
2nd Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - correct answer preoperational thought
(two to seven years)
child improves physically and begins to think conceptually
3rd Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - correct answer concrete operations
(seven to eleven)
child develops logic thinking skills and formal operations
4th Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget) - correct answer formal operations
(11 to fifteen years)
child thinks abstractly and can develop mental hypotheses.
Acquisition-learning model - correct answer -two ways in which individual develops proficiency in a second language
(1) acquisition- subconscious way by which vocabulary and basic rules of grammar are absorbed
(2) learning-a conscious study and knowledge of vocabulary and grammar
(ultimately, long term exposure leads to development of unconscious rules and idiom.
Input hypothesis - correct answer Krashen's models of second-language aquisition
-individuals need to be given information slightly above their ability level in a given language
Monitor hypothesis - correct answer when an individual learned rules of grammar, he is able to monitor consciously discourse he hears in the future.
sociocognitive approach to language development - correct answer true competence is demonstrated in the ability to express oneself in different social contexts. emphasizes importance of conversation
natural order hypothesis - correct answer acquisition will follow a natural, predictable pattern.
certain grammatical structures will be acquired before others.
supports that bilingual programs should follow a specific order
affective filter hypothesis - correct answer number of emotional factors contribute to acquisition of a second language.
presences of significant anxiety or low self-esteem can make it difficult or raise filter for learning.
register - correct answer the form of language appropriate to a given situation [Show Less]