MTH216 Checkpoint 3 Complete Solution
Make a bar graph of the populations of the five most populous states (from census data) in a certain country,
... [Show More] with the bars in descending order.
Answer:
Construct a pie chart for the data set in the table to the right. The first step is to compute a percentage for each category in the data set. The annual revenue (in millions of dollars) of the leading food product businesses are shown in the table.
Answer:
Use the frequency table for the ages of recent award-winning male actors at the time when they won their award to construct the corresponding histogram.
Answer:
Construct a pie chart for the data set in the table to the right. The first step is to compute a percentage for each category in the data set. The annual revenue (in millions of dollars) of the leading food product businesses are shown in the table.
Make a bar graph of the populations of the five most populous states (from census data) in a certain country, with the bars in descending order.
Answer:
Use the two sets below to answer parts (a) and (b).
dentists and men
Draw a Venn diagram with two circles showing the given relationship between two sets. Let
D = dentists and M=men. Choose the correct answer below.
Provide an explanation of the diagram. Choose the correct answer below.
The diagram correctly shows the two circles overlap because some men are dentists.
The table to the right gives popular vote counts (in millions) for the two leading candidates in a presidential election. Draw a two-circle Venn diagram that represents the results.
Answer:
Draw a Venn diagram with two circles showing the given relationship between two sets. Let D=doctors and A=athletes. Choose the correct answer below.
Provide an explanation of the diagram you chose. Choose the correct answer below.
The diagram correctly shows the two circles overlap because some athletes are doctors.
Fill in the remaining entries in the two-way table shown to the right. A survey of 120 patrons at a restaurant gave the preferences for entrees and drinks shown to the right.
Answer:
Fill in the remaining entries in the two-way table shown to the right. A survey of 140 patrons at a restaurant gave the preferences for entrees and drinks shown to the right.
Answer:
Decide whether the following statements makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain your reasoning.
I made a frequency table with two columns, one labeled "State" and one labeled "State Capitol."
The statement does not make sense. In a frequency table, one of the columns lists the frequency of each category, which is the number of data values in the category. The table described in the given statement does not have this column.
The relative frequency of B grades in our class was 0.3.
The statement makes sense. Suppose there were 20 people in the class. If 6 received Bs, then the relative frequency of B grades was
Your bar graph must be wrong, because your bars are wider than the ones shown on the teacher's answer key.
The statement does not make sense because the width of the bars in a bar graph does not affect the accuracy of the graph. As long as the width of the bars on your graph represent the same category or interval as the teacher's graph, and the height of your corresponding bars are equal, then your graph is also correct.
Your pie chart must be wrong, because you have the 45% frequency wedge near the upper left and the answer key shows it near the lower right.
The statement does not make sense. Although the student's pie chart may be wrong for another reason, it does not matter where in a pie chart a wedge is located so long as it is labeled clearly.
Your pie chart must be wrong, because when I added the percentages on your wedges, they totaled 124%.
The statement makes sense because pie charts are used primarily for relative frequencies, so the total pie must always represent the total relative frequency of 100%.
I was unable to make a bar chart, because the data categories were qualitative rather than quantitative.
The statement does not make sense because bar graphs are commonly used to show data when the categories are qualitative.
A professor records the following final grades in one course. Construct a frequency table for the grades.
Answer:
Use 6-point bins (94 to 99, 88 to 93, etc.) to make a frequency table for the set of exam scores shown below. Include columns for relative frequency and cumulative frequency.
A professor records the following final grades in one course. Construct a frequency table for the grades.
Answer:
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The weight of subjects in a clinical trial of a new drug.
Quantitative.
Determine whether the following variable is qualitative or quantitative.
The yes/no responses on a ballot initiative to the question "Should the minimum wage be increased”
The variable is qualitative because yes/no responses on a ballot initiative are nonnumerical categories.
Determine whether the data described below are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The colors of cars driven by participants in a vehicle market study
The data are qualitative because they don't measure or count anything.
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The heights of subjects in a clinical trial of a new drug
Quantitative.
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The types of movies left parenthesis drama comma comedy comma etc. right parenthesis
Qualitative
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The blood groups of A, B, A, and O
Qualitative
Determine whether the data described below are qualitative or quantitative and explain why.
The genders of respondents to a political poll
The data are qualitative because they don't measure or count anything.
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The lengths left parenthesis in minutes right parenthesis of movies
Quantitative
Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative.
The salaries of all state governors
Quantitative
The accompanying table shows the numbers of cell phone subscriptions (in millions) in a certain country for various years. Construct a time-series graph for the data. Does the graph show straight-line growth (linear growth)? Or is the growth faster than linear?
Does the graph show straight-line growth (linear growth)? Or is the growth faster than linear?
The graph shows straight-line growth over the entire time-series.
The frequency table categorizes winners of a prestigious award from 1990 through 2012 by their age at the time they received the award. Complete parts (a) through (c) below.
The data are quantitative.
Draw a pie chart if the data are qualitative. Draw a histogram if the data are quantitative. Choose the correct graph below.
Discuss interesting features of the data revealed by the display. Choose the correct answer below.
The frequencies of the categories are approximately equal, though the frequency for one category is markedly less than the frequencies of the other categories. Age does not seem to be a factor in determining who receives the award.
The frequency table shows the percentage of foreign-born citizens in a country between 1940 and 2010. Complete parts (a) through (c) below.
State whether the data are qualitative or quantitative.
The data are quantitative because years are counts or measurements.
Draw a bar graph if the data are qualitative. Draw a line chart if the data are quantitative. Choose the correct graph below.
Discuss interesting features of the data revealed by the display. Choose the correct answer below.
From 1950 to 1990, the percentage of foreign-born citizens remained fairly constant. Starting in the 1990s, the percentage increased fairly steadily, a trend that continued through 2010.
The frequency table shows the stated religions of first-year college students in a particular year. Complete parts (a) through (c) below.
State whether the data are qualitative or quantitative.
The data are qualitative because religions are categories.
Draw a bar graph if the data are qualitative. Draw a line chart if the data are quantitative. Choose the correct graph below.
Discuss interesting features of the data revealed by the display. Choose the correct answer below.
Religion C has by far the largest percentage value and religion D has the second largest percentage value. The percentage values for the other religions are relatively similar in magnitude.
You have found a higher rate of birth defects among babies born to women exposed to second-hand smoke. To support a claim that the second-hand smoke caused the birth defects, what else should you expect to find? Explain your reasoning.
Evidence that higher rates of defects are correlated with exposure to greater amounts of smoke. If higher rates of defects are correlated with exposure to greater amounts of smoke, it is more likely that the second-hand smoke is a cause of the birth defects.
Which of the following best describes the correlation between accidents and texting while driving? Explain your reasoning.
Texting while driving is a likely cause of accidents because texting is a distraction from driving.
If X is correlated with Y, what must be true about X and Y? Explain your reasoning.
Increasing values of X go with either increasing or decreasing values of Y. A correlation exists between X and Y when higher values of X consistently go with higher values of Y or when higher values of X consistently go with lower values of Y.
If the points on a scatterplot fall on a nearly straight line sloping upward, what do the two variables have? Explain your reasoning.
A strong positive correlation. A positive correlation is when both variables increase or decrease together, and a strong correlation is when the two variables lie close to a straight line.
When can you rule out the possibility that changes to variable X cause changes to variable Y? Explain your reasoning.
When there is no correlation between X and Y. If there is no apparent relationship between X and Y, then it is very unlikely that changes to X will cause changes to Y.
You have found a higher rate of birth defects among babies born to women exposed to second-hand smoke. To support a claim that the second-hand smoke caused the birth defects, what else should you expect to find? Explain your reasoning.
Evidence that higher rates of defects are correlated with exposure to greater amounts of smoke. If higher rates of defects are correlated with exposure to greater amounts of smoke, it is more likely that the second-hand smoke is a cause of the birth defects.
Which of the following best describes the correlation between accidents and texting while driving? Explain your reasoning.
Texting while driving is a likely cause of accidents because texting is a distraction from driving.
For the following pair of variables, state the units that might be used to measure each variable. Then state whether you believe that they are correlated. If you believe they are correlated, state whether the correlation is positive or negative. Explain your reasoning.
The heights and weights of 50 randomly selected males between the ages of 10 and 21
To measure height the unit feet might be used.
To measure weight the unit pounds might be used.
There is a positive correlation because men's weight tends to increase when height increases.
Consider the following statement about a correlation. State the correlation clearly (for example, there is a positive correlation between variable A and variable B). Then state whether the correlation is most likely due to coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause. Explain your answer.
There is a positive correlation between gas mileage and tire pressure.
This correlation is due to a direct cause because more gasoline is needed to roll a tire with lower pressure.
There is a strong correlation between tobacco smoking and incidence of lung cancer, and most physicians believe that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer. However, not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer. Briefly describe how smoking could cause cancer when not all smokers get cancer.
Not all smokers get cancer because cancer is caused by cell mutation, and while smoking increases the chances of such a mutuation occuring, the mutation does not occur in every smoker.
For the following pair of variables, state the units that might be used to measure each variable. Then state whether you believe that they are correlated. If you believe they are correlated, state whether the correlation is positive or negative. Explain your reasoning.
Consider the following statement about a correlation. State the correlation clearly. Then state whether the correlation is most likely due to a coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause. Explain your answer.
Over the past three decades, the number of miles of freeways in Los Angeles has grown, and traffic congestion has worsened.
There is a positive correlation between the number of miles of freeways and the traffic congestion in Los Angeles.
Is the correlation most likely due to a coincidence, a common underlying cause, or a direct cause? Explain.
The correlation is most likely due to the common underlying cause of Los Angeles having a very large population. [Show Less]