Anatomy
study of structure
Physiology
how body functions on cellular level
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same
... [Show More] function.
tissue level of organization
(small to large)
atom-molecule-macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissues-organ-organ system-organism
epithelial tissue characteristics
-covers body surfaces inside & out
-secretion & absorption
-cells have little matrix
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
connective tissue
-support & protection
-binds tissues together
-transports & dissolves material
connective tissue includes
bones, tendons, blood, ligaments
nervous tissue
communication between cells through electrical impulses (very rapid)
characteristics of cardiac muscle cell
striated, involuntary
characteristics of skeletal muscle cell
striated, voluntary
characteristics of smooth muscle cell
non-striated, involuntary
3 layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
integumentary system consists of
skin, hair, nails
integumentary protects from & produces
-temperature, infections, viruses, uv rays , chemicals in the environment
-produces vitamin D
integumentary system houses
pain, touch, pressure receptors, sweat glands
adipocytes
(fat cells) found in hypodermis to help insulate the body
Muscular System
allows body to move
what allows movement in the muscular system
muscle attaching to bone
nervous system functions
-internal communication between cells through electrical impulses in response to stimuli
skeletal system functions
-structure & support
-stores calcium & phosphorus
-blood cells produced in bone marrow of spongy bone
cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
endocrine system function
-chemically regulate the body's functions
-reproductive system & metabolism
metabolism
all chemical actions that enable us to function
catabolism
breaking down
anabolism
building up
atp
energy molecules that power cellular activities
3 forms of ATP production
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
digestive system function
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste
Most nutrients are absorbed in the
small intestine
lymphatic system functions
-immunity & fighting disease
-allows for excess fluid to drain back to the heart
respiratory system function
excretion of excess CO2
keeps blood supplied with O2
urinary system functions
-excretion of waste
-regulates water & electrolyte balance in the blood
reproductive system function
-produce offspring
-controlled by hormones from the endocrine system
superior
toward the head
inferior
away from the head
ventral
(anterior) front
dorsal
(posterior)toward the back
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
superficial
near the surface of the body
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
flexion
closing of a joint (bending)
extension
opening of a joint (straightening)
Abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward at the ankle
plantarflexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle
radial deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side
ulnar deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
pronation
palm down
supination
Palm up
elevation
raising a body part
depression
downward movement of structures of the body
retraction
moving a part backward
protraction
Moving a part forward
The axial region includes
head, neck, trunk
appendicular region
upper and lower extremities
sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane
body cavity
dorsal cavity
cranial cavity [Show Less]