Middleton High School, Middleton
SOCIAL STU 0715
AP Human Geography Semester I Review
Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically
Define the following
... [Show More] terms:
a) Place: A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
b) Region: An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
c) Cartgography: the science or practice of drawing maps.
d) Projections: The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
e) Distortion: the action of distorting or the state of being distorted when the Earth’s surface is projected
on a map.
Explain the following:
1. Explain the difference between site and situation.
Site can be physical characteristics such as climate water sources soil and vegetation situation is the
location relative to other places
2. Explain how distortions are viewed on various types of map projections. (Ex. Azimuthal, Conical,
Mercator and Robinson)
Robinson: allocating space to the oceans, lands are much smaller
Mercator: shape in distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular. are is grossly distorted
toward the poles.
3. Explain the concept of Distance Decay.
Phenomenon that the greater the distance the less interaction
4. Explain the five themes of geography.
1. Location 2. Place 3. Human-Environment Interaction 4. Movement 5. Regions.
Chapter 2: Population
Define the following terms:
a) Demography: the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which
illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
b) Population Density: a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume
c) Overpopulation: the condition of being populated with excessively large numbers.
d) Population Pyramid: a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a
population (typically that of a country or region of the world)
e) Demographic Transition Model: refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth
and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic
system.
Explain the following:
1. Explain how the CBR,CDR,IMR,TFR tell us about the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI).
CBR: Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people.
CDR: Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people.
IMR: Annual number of deaths of infants under the age of 1.
TFR: Average number of births in a society.
If the CBR is high and the CDR is low, the RNI will increase.
2. Explain how the 3 types of Population density are calculated.
Arithmetic Density - the total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density - The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for
agriculture.
Agricultural Density - The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for
agriculture.
3. Explain the four stages of the Demographic Transition Model in terms of Growth (High, low?) and time
periods (Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Medical Revolution?).
Stage 1: Low Growth (Agricultural Revolution - the time when human beings first domesticated plants
and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.) Every country has moved on from
this stage. Stage 2: High Growth (Industrial Revolution - a conjunction of major improvements in
industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to
market.) The late 20th century push of countries to stage 2 was caused by the Medical Revolution
(medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to Africa, Asia and Latin America.)
Stage 3: Moderate Growth (A country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 when the CBR begins to drop
sharply and the CDR continues to fall in stage 3 but at a much slower rate than in stage 2. Stage 4: Low
Growth (A country reaches stage 4 when the CBR declines to the point where it equals CDR and the NIR
approaches zero called Zero Population Growth (ZPG))
4. Explain how a population pyramid is used and what predictive value is may have.
The Population Pyramid can be used for predicting future population trends. Dependency Ratio - the
number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their
productive years. Sex Ratio - The number of males per hundred females in the population. There are 3
main shapes for a population pyramid: Increasing/Expanding: Has larger numbers or percentages of the
population in the younger age groups, usually with each age group smaller in size or proportion than the
one born before it. Stable/Stationary: Has relatively equal numbers or percentages for almost all age
groups, with the oldest age groups having smaller numbers. Declining: Has smaller numbers or
percentages at the younger age groups, usually with each age group slightly larger than the one below it. [Show Less]